Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
and intermediate (ab.
insularia
) forms also occur; male
antennae strongly bipectinate.
Egg:
0.7
DESCRIPTION
Adult female:
32-35 mm wingspan; wings mainly
orange or orange-yellow, suffused with brown, and the
underside conspicuously flecked with white.
Adult
male:
32-35 mm wingspan; wings whitish yellow to
yellowish, bordered and variably suffused with
brownish black; antennae strongly bipectinate.
Egg:
0.5 mm long; light green.
Larva:
up to 30 mm long;
bright green, with white or yellowish-white,
longitudinal stripes.
Pupa:
0.5 mm;
whitish green.
Larva:
up to 50 mm long; brown or
green, with pinkish markings and reddish spiracles;
body stick-like, with a pair of dark purplish
prominences on the fifth abdominal segment; head
purplish brown, with a distinct central cleft.
Pupa:
20-22 mm long; blackish brown, terminating in a spike.
×
10-15 mm long; shiny
LIFE HISTORY
Moths fly in May, June and July, and deposit eggs on a
wide range of host plants. Larvae occur from July to
September or October; they feed on the foliage but
usually remain at rest during the daytime, mimicking a
shoot or broken twig, with the body held straight out at
an angle of about 45 degrees. Fully grown larvae enter
the soil to pupate. Adults emerge in the following year.
brown.
LIFE HISTORY
Larvae feed from June or July to October or November.
They occur mainly on mature conifers but are
sometimes found on nursery trees. Fully grown larvae
pupate in the soil at the base of host trees, and adults
appear in the following May or June.
DAMAGE
Larvae cause noticeable defoliation, particularly if
present on herbaceous plants. Damage to trees and
shrubs is usually unimportant since the bulk of feeding
occurs relatively late in the season.
DAMAGE
Larvae cause extensive defoliation, such depredations
being most severe on sandy-soil sites in low-rainfall
areas. Attacks on ornamentals are seldom, if ever, of
significance.
Bupalus piniaria
(Linnaeus) (
747-748
)
Bordered white moth
Generally common in the vicinity of coniferous
woodlands, mainly on Scots pine (
Pinus sylvestris
); also
occurs on common silver fir (
Abies alba
), Douglas fir
(
Pseudotsuga menziesii
), larch (
Larix
) and Norway
spruce (
Picea abies
). A notorious forestry pest; attacks
on coniferous ornamentals and nursery stock are less
frequent and usually of little or no importance.
Widespread in Europe, except for the extreme north.
Campaea margaritata
(Linnaeus) (
749-750
)
Light emerald moth
Larvae of this widely distributed woodland species feed
mainly on birch (
Betula
), crab-apple (
Malus
), elm
(
Ulmus
), hornbeam (
Carpinus betulus
) and oak
(
Quercus
); they also occur in small numbers on
ornamental trees in gardens and nurseries. The delicate,
light green moths (38-45 mm wingspan) appear in June
and July, depositing eggs in batches on the underside of
748
747
747
Female bordered white moth (
Bupalus piniaria
).
748
Larva of bordered white moth (
Bupalus piniaria
).
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