Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.3 (continued)
Date
Significant events in plant physiology
Significant events in hydrology
1682
Nehemiah Grew, in The Anatomy of Plants , investigated
plant sexuality.
1687
John Ray penned Historia Plantarum in three volumes
and helped define the concept of species.
E. Halley contributed to the concept of water budgets and published
An estimate of the quantity of vapor raised out of the sea by warmth
of the sun
1694
Rudolf Jakob Camerarius investigated plant sexual reproduction.
1699
John Woodward described water loss through plants
as passing through pores.
Stephen Hales, in Vegetable Staticks , measured root
pressure but concluded that evaporation from leaves
is more important in water transport in plants.
1727
1735
Carolus Linnaeus published System Naturae , only 12 pages long.
1738
D. Bernoulli stated in Hydrodynamics that for a fluid to move faster,
it must lose an equal amount of pressure; the converse also is true.
1749 Georges-Louis Leclerc published the first volume of
36 volumes of Histoire Naturelle.
1753 Carolus Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature
in Species Plantarum.
1754 Charles Bonnet saw gas bubbles emitted from the leaves
of underwater plants.
1759 Caspar Wolff observed apical meristem cells.
1761 German botanist Jakob Gottlieb Koelreuter produced
the first documented hybrid plant.
1772 Joseph Priestly demonstrated that plants take up carbon dioxide and
release a gas, although he did not know at the time that it was
oxygen.
1779 Jan Ingenhousz stated in Experiments on Vegetables that the gas
released by plants is oxygen and only occurs in the green parts of the
plant during the day.
1785 William Withering described the treatment of heart disease with
digitalis from Foxglove leaves.
1789
Samuel Williams calculated that almost 4,000 gal of water was
transpired by 1 acre of maple trees, in The Natural and Civil History
of Vermont.
The poet Goethe published An attempt by J.W. von Goethe, Privy
Councilor of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, to Explain the
Metamorphosis of Plants .
1790
1796
English farmer Joseph Elkington applied knowledge of
groundwater and geology to drain wet lowlands.
1804
N.T. de Saussure suggested that the permeability of roots varies to
explain solute uptake by plants.
1817
Chlorophyll was isolated by P.J. Pelletier and J.B. Caventou.
1827
English geologist William Smith, who published the first geologic
map, published On Retaining Water in Rocks for Summer Use.
1830
H.H. Dutrochet explained the entry of solutes into plants by osmosis.
1832
Robert Brown observed and named the nucleus of Orchideae.
1838
Cell Theory of Life was promoted by M.J. Schleiden and T.
Schwann, for plants and animals, respectively.
1844
Hugo von Mohl discovered chloroplasts in cells of green plants, and
used the term protoplasm to describe material within a living cell.
1854
Mechanical windmill was first used to pump groundwater in the
midwestern United States.
1856
Darcy described flow of water through porous media in The
Fountains of Dijon .
1863
Dupuit ignored effect of vertical flow in regional groundwater flow.
1866
Gregor Mendel discovered the basis of the inheritance of physical
characteristics.
1872
The term acid rain was coined by Robert A. Smith.
1879
U.S. Geological Survey was established by Act of Congress.
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