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PER2 participates in modulating alcohol consumption, similar to its
counterpart PER1. A SNP located in intron 3 of
PER2
, 10,870 A/G, is asso-
an enhancer-like structure, which contains several transcriptional factor-
binding site motifs. This SNP alters the binding motifs for Sp1, c-myb,
and NF-
k
B, possibly resulting in altered transactivation of
PER2
.m
Per2
mutant mice exhibit increased alcohol consumption, accompanied by
enhanced glutamate levels in the extracellular space in the brain. This is
believed to be a result of reduced expression of the glutamate transporter
gene,
Eaat1
, and thus reduced uptake of glutamate by astrocytes.
Acamprosate, a drug used to prevent craving and relapse in alcoholic
patients, reduced the enhanced glutamate levels and normalized the
increased alcohol intake in m
Per2
mutant mice. Collectively, these data sug-
gest that PER2 acts to suppress glutamatergic signaling, which in turn influ-
ences alcohol drinking. Besides being involved in modulating alcohol
PER2
is linked to the risk of cancer. An intronic SNP in
PER2
is signif-
mentioned 1244 Gly/Glu associated with morningness and depression
vulnerability also correlates with the risk of breast cancer in combination
7. PER3
Several polymorphisms in
PER3
have been suggested to contribute to
polymorphism among these is a polymorphic repeat region with four or five
copies of a 54-bp repetitive sequence (4-repeat vs. 5-repeat) in exon 18.
However, this association with morningness/eveningness attenuates with
sitive to blue-enriched light, as such light significantly suppresses evening
rise of endogenous melatonin in homozygotes for the long allele but not
exhibit more pronounced response to the alerting effects of light compared
to homozygotes for the short allele. Waking electroencephalographic (EEG)
activity in the theta range (5-7 Hz), which is a putative correlate of sleep-
iness, is substantially attenuated during exposure to blue-enriched light in
subjects homozygous for the long allele but not the short allele. This length
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