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Figure 6.1 Influence of neuromodulatory systems on wake (upper panel) and sleep
(lower panel). Each circle represents a different, anatomically distinct neurotransmitter
system that promotes sleep or wake, with the neurotransmitter encircled and the name
of the neuron cluster on the outside of the circle. Drugs or conditions that commonly
disrupt the normal influence of these pathways on wake or sleep are highlighted within
the pathways. Abbreviations: 5HT, serotonin; ACh, acetylcholine; AD, Alzheimer disease;
ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ado, adenosine; BF, basal forebrain; DA,
dopamine; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; HA, histamine; hcrt, hypocretin; LC, locus
coeruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmentum; LH, lateral hypothalamus; NE, norepinephrine;
PD, Parkinson
s disease; PPT, pendunculopontine tegmentum; RBD, rapid eye move-
ment behavior disorder; RN, raphe nuclei; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor;
TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; TMN, tuberomamillary nucleus; VLPO, ventrolateral
preoptic nucleus; VTA, ventral tegmental area; WSN, warm-sensitive neurons.
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