Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Phon
Examples
Loc
Mnr
Vce
m m m A k k k
/p/
pit
lb
ps
-
/b/
bit
lb
ps
+
mAk
/m/
mit
lb
ns
+
/t/
tip
al
ps
-
Figure 10.4:
Phonological representation of a word (in this
case “make”), which is vowel-centered with repeating conso-
nants in the onset and coda slots.
/d/
dip
al
ps
+
/n/
nick
al
ns
+
/k/
cat
vl
ps
-
/g/
get
vl
ps
+
“liquid” sound, like the phoneme /l/ in “lit.” Finally,
a
nasal
restriction involves a complete blockage of the
air out the mouth, so that the nose becomes the primary
outlet (e.g., in the phoneme /n/ as in “nun”). See ta-
ble 10.2 for a full listing of the consonants and their
features.
/N/
ring
vl
ns
+
/f/
fat
ld
fr
-
/v/
very
ld
fr
+
/s/
sit
al
fr
-
/z/
zip
al
fr
+
/T/
thin
dt
fr
-
/D/
this
dt
fr
+
Words
/S/
she
pl
fr
-
/Z/
beige
pl
fr
+
We use a specific scheme for combining individual
phonemes into a representation of a whole word. The
representation is
vowel centered
, with slots on each side
for the
onset
and
coda
consonants that surround the
word. This scheme is sufficient for the monosyllabic
words used in all the models in this chapter. Within the
onset and coda, the slots are filled with repeats of the
consonant in cases where there are fewer different con-
sonants than slots (figure 10.4). An alternative to this
repetition scheme would be to insert a “blank” phoneme
in the extra slots, but this has the drawback of mak-
ing these blanks very high frequency, which can impede
learning. The repetition also enables a somewhat more
systematic orthographic to phonological mapping to be
developed, because words share onset and coda sylla-
bles, but not in every position. For example, ground
and god would not overlap in the onset or coda at all us-
ing blanks (/-grWnd-/ vs. /-gad-/), but do overlap using
repetition (/ggrWndd/ vs. /gggaddd/).
/C/
chin
vl
fr
-
/j/
urge
vl
fr
+
/l/
lit
dt
lq
+
/r/
rip
al
lq
+
/y/
yes
al
sv
+
/w/
whip
lb
sv
+
/h/
hip
gl
fr
-
Table 10.2:
Representations for consonants, using the PMSP
phoneme labels, with features based on location of restriction
(lb=labial=lips, ld=labio-dental=lips-teeth, dt=dental=teeth,
al=alveolar=gums, pl=palatal=palate, vl=velar=soft palate,
gl=glottal=epiglottis), manner (ps=plosive, fr=fricative,
sv=semi-vowel, lq=liquid, ns=nasal), and voicing (yes or no).
Airflow can be restricted by the lips (called labial or
lb), lips and teeth (labio-dental or ld), teeth (dental, dt),
gums (alveolar, al), palate (roof of the mouth, pl), soft
palate (velum, vl), and the epiglottis (gl) (figure 10.2).
Restrictions can be made in the following manners: A
plosive
restriction is like the phoneme /p/ as in “push”
— the air is restricted and then has an “explosive” burst
through the restriction. A
fricative
restriction is a con-
stant “friction” sound, like the phoneme /s/. A
semi-
vowel
(also known as
glide
) is a consonant that is pro-
duced a lot like a vowel, without much restriction, such
as the phoneme /y/ as in “yes.” A
liquid
is smooth and
10.3
The Distributed Representation of Words
and Dyslexia
The number of separable representational systems (dif-
ferent brain areas) potentially involved in representing
some aspect of a given word is probably quite large. If
we restrict our focus to those areas essential for read-
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