Implications of Responsible Tourism for Conservation and Development in Southern Africa - Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development - page 341

a tenth of its procurement spend towards local, small entrepreneurs, its financial
impact would outweigh its philanthropy and boost the local economy substan-
tially. Although the analysis of the enterprise supply chain was clearly a lengthy
and time consuming process for the private sector operator, the results are illumi-
nating and provide tangible evidence of 'win-wins' for both business and local
economic development. For example, Spier found that even when it invested in
the establishment of a local enterprise that it would procure services from (e.g. a
laundry), it would save money overall, with the added benefit of creating new jobs.
Two critical lessons learned were that having a champion in senior management,
and a facilitator with time to work on the process are vital. This may be a defining
difference between the findings at Spier, and Frey and George's disappointing
evidence from other areas of the Western Cape: the private sector requires
motivation and capacity to establish new responsible management practices. The
process takes time and effort. Ashley and Haysom's work is indicative of an
increasing trend towards the use of supply chain analysis by agencies working on
tourism issues in Africa including the ODI (Mitchell and Faal, 2007), SNV, the
International Finance Corporation (Ashley and Mitchell, 2008) and the
International Trade Centre of UNCTAD (ITC UNCTAD, 2005). It seems likely
that practitioners will continue to use these tools to explore mechanisms of
expanding opportunities for the poor, particularly in the informal sector, to
provide products and services to the established tourism enterprises.
The chapters in this section of the topic contribute towards the body of
knowledge regarding policies, institutional interventions and market forces. The
interlinking themes from Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa illustrate
the complexity and importance of many interlinking factors: the policy framework
and implementation of regulations; good governance and relationships, and trans-
parency of decision making; the importance of intermediaries to guide those who
wish to practise responsible tourism, such as donors and NGOs; and, of course,
market demand for responsible tourism.
Part 2: Responsible nature-based tourism
Responsible nature-based tourism activities, including ecotourism and wildlife
tourism, can generate income for conservation management and for rural liveli-
hoods that are based on natural resources. However, the review of the impacts of
wildlife tourism on rural livelihoods by Anna Spenceley, demonstrates substantial
variations in impacts when five southern Africa countries are compared.
Considering both trophy hunting and photographic tourism activities, and
fragmented case studies that evaluate local economic impacts of wildlife tourism,
the review establishes that the countries of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa,
Zambia and Zimbabwe have a wide range of policies supporting the sector. These
include policies to develop community-managed wildlife areas in Botswana,
Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the use of planning gain to establish joint
ventures between conservation agencies and the private sector in South Africa (as
detailed earlier by Varghese). Joint ventures of luxury lodges appear to generate