Community-based Tourism and Natural Resource Management in Namibia: Local and National Economic Impacts - Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development - page 330

Table 16.4 Economic cost-benefit analysis of Namibia's CBNRM programme
(US$ a , constant 2005 values, rounded)

Total programme spending b Total economic benefits c Year Benefit/cost stream

1990 478,740 0 (478,740)

1991 605,550 935,810 330,260

1992 920,390 1,099,670 179,280

1993 1,838,730 1,261,710 (577,020)

1994 5,674,010 1,451,600 (4,222,410)

1995 4,370,790 1,926,150 (2,444,640)

1996 5,298,980 2,750,870 (2,548,130)

1997 9,025,190 3,840,260 (5,184,920)

1998 9,047,180 5,309,790 (3,737,390)

1999 8,941,890 6,245,750 (2,696,150)

2000 9,451,850 6,977,820 (2,474,030)

2001 11,318,600 13,000,100 1,681,500

2002 14,449,470 21,443,570 6,994,100

2003 9,291,450 25,064,190 15,772,740

2004 6,520,820 24,851,340 18,330,510

2005 4,920,750 27,981,050 23,060,300

Total 102,154,350 144,139,640 0

Cost-benefit analysis:
Economic internal rate of return over 16 years 14.91%

Economic net present value over 16 years @ 8% discount rate 7,795,340

Notes: a In 2005 US$1.00 was equal to N$6.67 (Namibia Dollars); inflation factor to 2007 is 1.11.
b Donor and government spending specifically on CBNRM programme.
c Total direct and indirect contribution to net national income, attributable to CBNRM activities, including
impact through the value added multiplier, plus appreciation of game stocks in CBNRM areas

Sources: Unpublished Data, 2007, Ministry of Environment and Tourism; NACSO, 2006

included investments in wildlife damage mitigation. More recent work on the
costs of wildlife damage in the CBNRM context in Namibia's north-east (Jones
and Barnes, 2007) indicates that the benefits of CBNRM tourism at community
level can outweigh the costs of damage borne by households. The economic
analyses, above, do not include the opportunity costs of land, but as pointed out
by Barnes et al (2002) the opportunity costs of land in the arid and semi-arid
lands of Namibia are low. Barnes et al (2001) analysed alternative land uses in
semi-arid northern Botswana and confirmed this.

Conclusion

The findings described above help us to answer the key policy questions about
CBNRM posed in the introduction.