Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
value they would fetch if they were to be sold or harvested commercially.The total
of all the directly and indirectly generated net national income, plus the accumu-
lated asset value of stock, generated as a result of the CBNRM activities, was
measured as the economic impact of the CBNRM programme. This economic
impact was compared with the investments made in CBNRM by donors and
government, within a cost-benefit framework, over the life to date, of the
programme (1990-2005).
Findings on local and national economic impacts
Inputs and returns in five conservancies
Table 16.1 shows some features of the five conservancies analysed by Barnes et al
(2002). They ranged from near desert conditions in the north-west (Torra,
Khoadi //Hôas), via the northern Kalahari (Nyae Nyae), to semi-arid
woodlands/floodplain habitats in the north-east (Mayuni, Salambala). They
varied greatly in extent from almost a million hectares in Nyae Nyae, where non-
wildlife land uses are relatively unimportant to 28,000 hectares in Mayuni where
half the land was used for fairly intensive agro-pastoralism. Some conservancies
possessed naturally intact wildlife resources combined with attractive scenery, on
at least part of their land (Torra, Mayuni), while in others wildlife resources were
depleted and required restocking or investment (Salambala, Nyae Nyae).
The potential for income generating activities varies between the five conser-
vancies. Table 16.1 shows subjective ratings of their potential for different
activities. Ratings indicate roughly the amount of income that could be generated,
with 'low' signifying up to 10 per cent of income and 'high' indicating up to 80 per
cent of income.
All conservancies have conditions more or less suitable for the development of
lodges for non-consumptive tourism, as well as for the development of commu-
nity owned and run campsites. In Nyae Nyae and Salambala the
non-consumptive tourism potential is weaker than for the others. The develop-
ment of trophy hunting tourism is possible in all concessions, but in Mayuni,
which makes use of part of a protected area, this would require special permis-
sion. All conservancies have potential, albeit limited, for consumptive use of
wildlife, including live game sale and hunting for meat. In Mayuni hunting for
meat is unlikely. In
Khoadi //Hôas, preference might be given to live game sale,
as it is situated south of the 'red line' veterinary cordon fence. All conservancies
have potential for the use of forest and non-timber forest products, as well as
grazing for livestock. However, the potential for these activities is higher in the
higher rainfall conservancies of the north-east.
In the north-west (Torra,
Khoadi //Hôas, occupied by Damara communi-
ties) the traditional land use was pastoralism, that in the northern Kalahari (Nyae
Nyae, occupied by San communities) was hunting and gathering with low inten-
sity pastoralism, and that in north-east (Mayuni, Salambala, occupied by Mafwe
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