Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Programme-level analysis
In addition to the analysis of five specific conservancies, a wider economic analy-
sis was done of the overall national CBNRM Programme of which the five are a
part. The aggregate impact of the CBNRM programme on the economy is wider
than the returns accruing to the communities, as it also includes all the economic
activities linked to, and resulting from, the presence of the conservancies. Thus
CBNRM programme expenditures generate net national income directly in
community areas and this direct income generation indirectly induces generation
of further net national income in the wider economy. In as much as the CBNRM
Programme results in capital accumulation, such as in wildlife stocks, these form
part of the aggregate impact. NACSO (2004, 2006) presented the results of the
analysis to measure the aggregate impact that 16 years of CBNRM Programme
investment made in the national economy.
The starting point for the aggregation of the direct economic impact was the
aggregate financial income derived by communities from natural resource uses,
converted to national income as described for conservancies, above. Further,
tourism joint-ventures between communities and the private sector in community
areas, themselves generate national income and this was included. Joint-venture
income was measured from enterprise financial and economic models for tourism
lodges and trophy hunting activities (Unpublished data, 2004, Ministry of
Environment and Tourism). Besides their expenditures on accommodation in
joint-ventures and community campsites in community areas, tourists also make
other expenditures in the economy, which can be linked directly to their experi-
ence in community areas, such as those for in-country travel, urban
accommodation, crafts and retail purchases.These commonly amount to some 60
per cent of their in-country expenditures (SIAPAC, 2003). The national income
contribution associated with these expenditures was included in direct benefits.
All the activities that generate direct income, also create demand for inputs in
the wider economy. Thus, for example, tourists' expenditures at joint-venture
lodges, or with transport providers, stimulate demand for inputs such as food and
fuel from food and fuel firms which, in turn, also contribute to national income.
These in turn also create demand in a similar way and so on. The initial direct
expenditures associated with community areas are thus responsible for indirect
contributions to national income through backward linkages. This is termed the
multiplier effect, which can be measured using the national social accounting
matrix (SAM), an input-output model of the whole Namibian economy, which
includes both firms and households. Lange et al. (2004) develop and describe this
model. The indirect impact of CBNRM in the Namibian economy was measured
using an income or value added multiplier derived from the SAM.
Another economic benefit measured in the programme-level analysis was the
increase in wildlife stocks resulting from implementation of the CBNRM
programme.The accumulated capital value of increasing wildlife stocks in conser-
vancies is seen by many as a direct consequence of CBNRM activities. These
incremental values were valued at their monetary value 'on the hoof ', that is, the
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