Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CBNRM programme as a whole makes to the national income (NACSO, 2004,
2006). This chapter reports on the findings of these analyses.
The work described here needs to be seen in the context of the 'total
economic value' of wildlife and natural resources, as described by Pearce and
Turner (1990) and Emerton (2001). Total economic value embraces direct use,
indirect use and non-use (option, bequest and existence) values associated with
natural resources. Direct use values are derived from actual utilization of the
resource. They contribute tangible value in the form of income, and make up the
main component of formal economic growth, which is the focus of national devel-
opment efforts. This chapter deals only with direct use values. Conservation of
wildlife and the tourism asset base through CBNRM could enhance the other
values.
Methods for measurement of financial
and economic values
Conservancy-level analysis
The economics unit of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism has developed a
system of empirically-based enterprise models for natural resource use. These are
developed, and periodically updated, for typical examples of different land uses.
They are detailed budget and cost-benefit spreadsheets, which measure the finan-
cial returns to investors in natural resource use and also the contribution that
these activities make to the national income. Barnes et al (2002) developed such
models for five individual representative conservancies, which had been operating
for several years. Empirical data to hand, and conservancy management plans,
were used to project costs and benefits for each of the five conservancies over a
ten-year life span. The conservancy 'project boundary' was defined as the invest-
ment made by donors, government and community in the development and
operation of a conservancy. It embraced the investments, capital and recurrent
costs, that make the conservancy function, and the benefits in the form of income
to the conservancy and its employees, as a result of this investment.
Capital included expenditures by donors, government and communities, on
items such as fences boreholes, buildings, vehicles and equipment, initial training
workshops, etc. and wildlife stocks, if they were introduced. Excluded from capital
were the costs of existing natural stock already on the land and the broader
government investments in its conservation (sector conservation budgets, etc.).
Recurrent costs were those for conservancy operations, including such items as
payment of staff salaries and wages, maintenance and repairs to capital items,
ongoing training costs, insurance, feeding and veterinary costs, etc. Included in
costs were mitigation requirements for the damage that wildlife in conservancies
cause to other community land uses.
Benefits included rentals and royalties paid to the conservancy by joint-
venture lodges and joint-venture hunting operations, and any profits from
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