The Impacts of Tourism Initiatives on Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction in South Africa: Mathenjwa and Mqobela - Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development - page 224

The participatory events took place in the open, under trees, and in a commu-
nity hall and they were attended by between 70 and 100 people on each occasion
(see Figures 11.3 and 11.4). The techniques used included asset mapping and
community mapping (Mayoux, 2001; Guy et al, 2002; Kerka, 2003); the partici-
pants drew maps of their community illustrating the position of those structures
and locations within the village that the members of the community perceived as
assets such as households, roads or tracks, water supply, schools, health clinics,
shops, community buildings, the tourism initiative, any boundaries and natural
assets, for example, the sea, a lake, rivers or a forest. The maps enabled the collec-
tion of a range of qualitative data such as people's localities, resources, social
institutions, wealth and status.
At the events members of the community also participated in other PRA
techniques such as the creation of an 'H-Diagram'; a variation of the 'H-Form'
introduced by Guy and Inglis (1999), to indicate their likes, dislikes and desired
changes (see Table 11.2).
At every stage of the protocol the qualitative data that were gathered were
collated into a series of livelihood matrices in order to complete stage 5, the
Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis (SLA). Drawing on livelihood issues identified
during the course of the studies, earlier livelihoods analyses and discussion of
livelihoods including work by Chambers and Conway (1992), DFID (1997),
Scoones (1998), Carney (1999), Ashley (2000, 2002) and Poultney and
Spenceley (2001) the analysis was conducted by integrating the summary data
into a series of matrices focusing on categories of impacts on the communities'
livelihoods, assets and activities that are characteristic of tourism initiatives.
Livelihoods analysis matrices included: positive and negative impacts of the
tourism initiative on community and individual livelihood assets, key impacts on
livelihood issues such as policy, empowerment and migration, barriers to partici-
pation in tourism and the financial earnings of the community. For the purposes
of this chapter, summary data from the SLA giving the impacts of the tourism
initiative are provided in Tables 11.3 a, b, c, d, e and f, using simplified matrices
based on the five livelihood assets (financial, physical, human, natural and social)
identified in early work on sustainable livelihoods.