Tourism in Transfrontier Conservation Areas: The Kavango–Zambezi TFCA - Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development - page 172

Table 8.14 Total local financial impacts ('000s), total KAZA region, 2004

Accommodation (US$) Tour Operators (US$) Total (US$)

Local wages 12,809 1847 14,656

Local expenditure 19,364 2769 22,133

Profit retained locally 4444 673 5117

employees. Across tour operators and accommodation establishments in the
KAZA TFCA, males made up 61 per cent of the local workforce, with 39 per cent
of positions filled by women. In the accommodation sector, women accounted for
38 per cent of the local workforce; in the tour operator sector, they accounted for
just 22 per cent of local employees.
Just 48 per cent of non-wage operating costs were spent 'locally' across the
KAZA TFCA region, although the proportion varied massively between regions
and enterprises (see Table 8.16). The 52 per cent spent outside of the KAZA
region represents a significant leakage, compounded by the fact that ultimately,
many of the goods and services purchased locally are not produced locally -
much of what appears to be local spending leaks from the local economy eventu-
ally, as local suppliers import goods and services in order to meet local demand.
(The survey did not determine which goods and services were supplied locally
and which were imported, although this would be a useful avenue of research in
order to determine if there were additional goods or services that could be locally
supplied in the future.)
Only 20 per cent of the estimated profit earned by tourism enterprises was
generated by local owners, and was therefore assumed to remain in the KAZA
region. Remittances of corporate and private profits represent an enormous
leakage from the local economy, as such leakages reduce the potential income and
investments able to be made locally. However, few of the enterprises were foreign
owned, accounting for only a small proportion of turnover and profit, therefore
much of the leakage from the KAZA region is assumed to remain within the five
countries, and so is not lost to national economic development.

Table 8.15 Total local employment and wages, KAZA region, 2004

Local employees as % Local wages as % Average local

of total employees of total wage bill salary (US$) a

Kasane 91 81 3531

Livingstone 96 49 1281

Victoria Falls 100 100 5368

Upper Zambezi 82 50 1321

Caprivi 88 64 1847

Note: a Accommodation sector only.