Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
consumptive tourism purposes. They sell their annual wildlife quota from
Department of Wildlife and National Parks through an auction sale to individual
safari hunters and safari companies. The Khwai Development Trust generated
substantial income (US$510,843) from the sale of their wildlife quotas through
auction sales to various hunting companies and individuals between 2000 and
2002 (Mbaiwa, 2005a). In 2000 the Khwai Development Trust accrued $181,062
revenue from community-based tourism enterprises (Mbaiwa, 2000) and $488
per capita from joint-venture income (Arntzen et al, 2003): higher than the
average calculated by Zeppel (2006).
Employment
A review of 50 tourist camps and lodges in the Okavango Delta found that there
were 1658 people employed in 2001 (Mbaiwa, 2003). Suich et al (2005) found
that of 29 enterprises in northern Botswana (19 accommodation and 10 tour
operators), 523 of the 902 staff were local people (58 per cent). However, the
local people generally hold poor-quality and low-paying jobs that mostly involve
manual work. Most local people work as cleaners, kitchen hands, drivers, cooks,
watchmen, groundsmen with a few employed as professional guides and assistant
managers. For example, Mbaiwa (1999) found that Sankuyo residents generally
provided manual labour for tasks such as the skinning of wild animals during the
hunting seasons and housekeeping at Crocodile Camp Safaris. In Khwai, local
people employed at Tsaro Game Lodge and Khwai River Lodge work as cooks,
housekeepers and drivers. On the other hand, expatriate staff occupy senior and
management positions such as managers, accountants, professional guides and
chefs. These findings are also similar to those by Ndubano (2000) who states that
in Maun, accommodation facilities are largely foreign owned and only 6 (14.2 per
cent) of management positions are filled by Botswanans (Mbaiwa, 2003).
Mbaiwa (2003) found a disparity in wages earned by local staff and expatriate
staff, even when they occupied the same position. On average, Mbaiwa found that
local staff earned salaries between US$816 and $2316 per year, while expatriate
staff earned US$10,428-$41,736 annually. In Maun, Ndubano (2000) found that
of a sample of 50 local people employed in the tourism sector 33 (66 per cent)
earned between US$924 and $2292 per year. However, Suich et al (2005) found
a far more positive salary level among local staff in northern Botswana. Salaries
from 19 accommodation enterprises and 10 tour operators generated US$3.5
million in wages for 823 local staff in 2004.This provided an average of $4295 per
employee during that year, or $11.76 per day (Suich et al, 2005). These estimates
significantly exceed the figures from Mbaiwa and Ndubano (on Botswana, also
more recent research in Chapter 9 by Mbaiwa and Chapter 10 by Massyn).
Namibia
Policy
In Namibia, wildlife-based tourism takes place in protected areas and in commu-
nal conservancies. Conservancies in Namibia are areas of communal land that are
unfenced, are registered as multiple use areas and are managed by elected
Search WWH ::




Custom Search