Geoscience Reference
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90
80
70
60
Summer
Σ
xx
50
40
30
3
3
51
20
10
57
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
LOCAL TIME
Fig. 2.6.
Global latitude-local time distribution of the ionospheric integral lay-
ered conductivity
Σ
xx
component for the summer in the northern hemisphere. Iso-
lines of
Σ
xx
are marked by
S
(Siemens) = (Ohm)
−
1
.
It is assumed that the elec-
tron concentration is defined only by the solar UV radiation intensity of which
in turn depends on the zenith angle.
x
are the southward and
y
the eastward
coordinates
not usually exceed 10
20 µm. The particles are very varied with regard to
their chemical composition, amount and physical properties. Some of them
may be electrically charged.
Ions are initially created in the atmosphere as a result of the process of
gas ionization under the action of hard rays. The main ionizers of the lower
atmospheric layers are emissions from radioactive substances contained in the
−
90
60
Summer
Σ
xy
30
30
6
96
6
138
12
12
12
12
132
6
6
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
3
LOCAL TIME
Fig. 2.7.
Same as Fig. 2.6 but for
Σ
xy
component
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