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1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1000
1000
e
e
O
+
O
+
He
+
F2-layer
H
+
He
+
H
+
12LT
Summer
R=150
NO
+
12LT
Winter
R=15
F1-layer
NO
+
O2
+
O2
+
e
e
O
+
O
+
E-layer
100
100
1000
1000
O
+
e
e
O
+
He
+
H
+
He
+
H
+
NO
+
NO
+
O2
+
O2
+
O
+
O
+
00LT
Winter
R=15
00LT
Summer
R=150
e
100
NO
+
100
O2
+
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
number density [cm
−3
]
number density (cm-3)
Fig. 2.2.
The height distribution of electron and ion number densities, at the 50
◦
geomagnetic latitude for winter (left frame) and summer (right frame) at noon
(upper frame) and midnight (lower frame). After IRI-2000 [9]
10
−
11
N
N
2
T
e
1+0
.
93
10
−
2
T
1
/
e
−
1
,
ν
e
N
2
=2
.
5
×
×
10
−
10
N
O
2
T
1
/
2
10
−
2
T
1
/
2
e
ν
e
O
2
=1
.
5
×
(1 + 4
.
2
×
)
,
e
10
−
10
N
O
T
1
/
2
ν
e
O
=2
.
8
×
,
e
10
−
10
N
H
T
1
/
2
ν
e
H
=4
.
5
×
,
e
10
−
10
N
He
T
1
/
2
ν
e
He
=4
.
6
×
.
(2.1)
e
Electron-Ions
For the effective electron-ion collision frequency we use the expression [22]
ln
215
1
/
3
.
N
1
/
3
T
i
N
T
3
/
2
T
e
ν
ei
=5
.
5
(2.2)
T
e
+
T
i
e
Here,
T
e
and
T
i
are electron and ion temperatures in Kelvins (K).
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