Cytoprotective Activities of Water-Soluble Fullerenes in Zebrafish Models - Zebrafish: Methods for Assessing Drug Safety and Toxicity - page 258

19.3.2 Stability of the C3 Fullerene (1)
The e,e,e-trismalonic acid (1) (C3) was the first water-soluble fullerene derivative
with a defined structure whose antioxidant properties were studied in detail.
However, when comparing the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, neuroprotective,
and toxic properties of C3 (1) with 2-12 and other water-soluble fullerenes, we
recognized the C3 can easily degrade and that the degradation products can be
comparatively toxic. In a systematic investigation, we studied the stability of
purified C3 (1) in crystalline form as well as after suspension in several different
buffers. The results are summarized in Fig. 19.2. In crystalline powder form, C3 (1)
Figure 19.2 Stability of C3 (1): (a) as powder (P) and in water and dextrose; (b) in DMSO, Tyrode's
solution, and MC. The amount of 1 was determined by the corresponding peak areas in the HPLC profiles.