Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Lecithin is comprised of phosphatides that are recovered during crude oil degumming
processes. Soybean lecithin has many uses because of its emulsifying, wetting, colloidal and
antioxidant properties. Lecithin finds applications in foods, beverages, animal feed, health
and nutrition products, cosmetics and industrial coatings (Liu, 1997). In animal feed, lecithin
helps to stabilize the product, promotes fat absorption in the digestive system and increases
the energy efficiency of feed. Industrial applications of lecithin include releasing agents in
plastics industry, dispersing agent in inks and paints, anti-sludge additive in motor lubricants,
anti-gumming agent in gasoline and emulsifier, spreading agent and antioxidant in textile
and rubber industries.
The US-based United Soybean Board (USB) funds the research, development and
commercialization of new industrial uses for soybeans through soybean check-off programs.
Numerous soybean-based products at commercial or development stage can be found on the
USB web page (http://www.soynewuses.org/Default.aspx).
1.3.3 Other Oilseeds
1.3.3.1
Camelina
Camelina sativa (L.), also known as false flax or gold of pleasure, is an annual plant that
belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Camelina was an important crop in Europe until it was
replaced with rapeseed. There was no commercial production of camelina in the United
States until 2004. A rapid increase in production has been observed since 2004 reaching
approximately 30 000 ha in 2009 (Berti et al ., 2011 ).
Oil and protein contents of camelina seeds vary between 32 and 46% and 25 and 29%,
respectively (Vollmann et al ., 2007). Camelina oil is composed of 90% unsaturated fatty
acid of which 25-42% is
-linolenic acid (18:3), 13-21% linoleic acid (18:2), 14-20% oleic
acid (18:1), 12-18% eicosenoic acid (20:1), and 2-4% erucic acid (22:1) (Berti et al ., 2011 ).
The increased interest in applications of
α
-3 fatty acids in food and pharmaceutical
industries attracted a lot of attention to camelina seed oil because of its high
ω
α
-linolenic acid
(
ω
-3) and natural antioxidants contents (Pilgeram et al ., 2007 ). Because of its high
γ
-tocopherol content, camelina oil is very stable has longer shelf-life than many of the other
commodity oils. Camelina oil and meal can be used in animal rations, food formulations,
cosmetics, soaps, and in other industrial applications, such as fatty acid methyl esters and jet
fuel production. Camelina oil is registered as a commercial food oil in many European
countries and Canada (Ghamkhar et al ., 2010 ).
1.3.3.2
Cotton
Cotton ( Gossypium, H.L.) is mainly produced for its fiber (cotton lint). The cotton plant
also produces seed that contains about 20-22% oil and 20-23% protein. The traditional
cotton varieties contain gossypols, which are comprised of sesquiterpenoid phenolic
aldehydes and related compounds. Gossypols are toxic to humans and monogastric animals
and present in the seed, foliage and roots of cotton, where they protect the plant against
insects and pathogens. The presence of gossypol in cottonseed limits its use as food and
feed. Glandless cotton lacking gossypol has been developed and available commercially
(Sunilkumar et al ., 2006 ).
Cottonseed oil has always been a premium oil for food applications, specifically for
frying because of its neutral flavor and extended fry life. A few years ago snack manufacturers
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