Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.3 Literature compilation on enzymatic processing of bioactive compounds.
Bioactive
Compound
Acyl Donor
Parameters of Interest
References
Maximum
Conversion (%)
Arbutin
lauric acid
reaction media
Watanabe et al .
(2009)
50
Phloridzin
lauric acid
reaction media
Watanabe et al .
(2009)
37
Coumaric acid
octanol
lipase type
Katsoura et al . (2006)
33
Ferulic acid
fatty alcohols
(C1-C10)
lipase, substrate ratio,
media, product
solubility, reuse of lipase
Katsoura et al . (2006)
60
Caffeic acid
octanol
lipase type
Katsoura et al . (2006)
12
Sinapic acid
octanol
lipase type
Katsoura et al . (2006)
31
Naringin
lauric acid
reaction media
Watanabe et al .
(2009)
35
Esculin
palmitic acid
reaction media
Hu et al . (2009)
78
diverse bioactive products continues to grow and new approaches are continuously being
developed towards meeting this demand.
14.4.3 Enzymatic processing of phospholipids
Phospholipid (PL) is an amphiphilic molecule with one or more phosphate groups in its
structure. It can be divided into four main classes, namely glycerophospholipids, sphin-
golipids, ether phospholipids and phonophospholipids, depending on their backbones
and bonding types (Guo et al ., 2005 ). Glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine,
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol
and cardiolipin contain a glycerol backbone and are most abundant in nature (Hawthorne
and Ansell, 1982 ).
As one of the main structural constituents of biological membranes, PLs play a crucial
role in the biochemistry and physiology of cells. PLs have also found applications in numerous
industries. For example, PLs are often used as emulsifier, stabilizer and wetting and
dispersing agents in the food industry. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries utilize PLs in
liposomal encapsulation of active ingredients for enhanced delivery and bioavailability
(Gabizon et al ., 1997 ).
Research on structural modification of PLs to achieve the aforementioned nutritional and
functional properties has increased prominently. The structural modification of PLs can be
done enzymatically using phospholipases and lipases. Phospholipase A 1 (PLA 1 ) cleaves
the fatty acid at the sn -1 position, while Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) cleaves the fatty acid at
the sn -2 position. Phospholipase C (PLC) hydrolyses the phosphodiester bond between the
glycerol backbone and phosphate. On the other hand, phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses
the phosphodiester bond between the phosphate and the head group. Lipases can also be
used to modify the fatty acid composition at sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phospholipids. Guo
and co-workers (2005) and Nieuwenhuyzen and Thomas (2008) have provided a detailed
review on enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human
nutrition.
Hydrolysis, alcoholysis, esterification, transesterification and transphosphatidylation are
some of the reactions used for enzymatic modification of PLs. Enzymatic hydrolysis of PLs is
 
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