Bioprocessing Approaches to Synthesize Bio-based Surfactants and Detergents - Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing - page 243

Table 10.1 Enzymes used for bioprocessing of bio-based surfactants, and the reactions and products they catalyze.

Enzyme Surfactant Type Biocatalytic Role Reference

Alcohol
Dehydrogenase

Surfactants with acetal or
ketal linkages

Oxidation of fatty alcohol to long-chain aldehyde or ketone Orlich et al ., 2000

α -Amylase Alkyl polyglucosides Simultaneous hydrolysis of starch and conjugation with fatty

alcohol

Larsson et al ., 2005

Glucosidase Alkyl glucosides Formation of ether linkage between monosaccharide and fatty

alcohol

Hansson and Adlercreutz, 2002;
van Rantwijk et al ., 1999

Glucosyl
transferases

Alkyl polyglucosides Addition of monosaccharide units to an alkyl glucoside

surfctant

Svensson et al ., 2009a, 2009b

Lipase Mono- and Di-acylglycerol

(MAG and DAG,
respectively)

Partial hydrolysis of triacylglycerol; esterification or
transesterification between glycerol and FFA or FAME,
respectively

Hayes, 2004

Lipase Polyol-Fatty Acid Esters Formation of ester bonds between fatty acyl group and hydroxyl(s)

of polyol, such as MAGs and saccharide-fatty acid esters

Hayes, 2004; Watanabe and
Shimada, 2009; Pyo and Hayes,
2009

Lipase Lysophospholipid Hydrolysis of phospholipid Han and Rhee, 1998; Xu et al .,

2008; Guo et al ., 2005

Lipase Amino acid surfactants Formation of amide bond between ε -amine group of lysine and Gardossi et al ., 1991; Montet

et al ., 1990; Soo et al ., 2003 fatty acyl group

Lipase Amino acid surfactants Conjugation of ε -OH group of homoserine and fatty acyl group Nagao and Kito, 1989

Lipase Amino acid surfactants Ester bond formation between free fatty acids and hydroxyls of

arginine esterified to glycerol

Infante et al ., 2009

Lipase Polyglycerol polyricinoleate Oligomerization of ricinoleic acid and esterification of oligo

(ricinoleic acid) and polyglycerol

Bodalo et al ., 2009; Montiel
Morte and Hayes, 2009

Lipase Polyol-fatty acid carbonates Alkyl exchange between bio-based diethyl carbonate and fatty

alcohol + polyol

Banno et al ., 2007, 2010;
Matsumura 2002; Lee et al .,
2010

Lipase Surfactants with amide

linkages

N-acylation of alkanolamines and dialkanolamines Otero, 2009

Papain (and
lipase)

Amino Acid surfactants Ester or amide bond formation between arginine's -carboxylic

acyl group and fatty alcohols, glycerol (polyols), or fatty
amines, respectively

α Infante et al ., 2009

Phospholipase A 1
and A 2

Lysophospholipid Hydrolysis of phospholipid to create lysophospholipid Daimer and Kulozik, 2009; Xu

et al ., 2008; Guo et al ., 2005

Phospholipases
A 1 , A 2 , and
D (and lipase)

Phospholipids Tailor-making of phospholipids with specific structure Xu et al ., 2008; Guo et al ., 2005;

Hossen and Hernandez, 2005