Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
distillate, have been strictly regulated. The general spills and leaks of products in the plant
are now considered as a serious ground water pollutant in connection with storm water run-
off. Many facilities have redesigned their drainage systems and installed on-site water
treatment and oil recovery systems.
Use of expanders to prepare oilseeds for extraction, new developments in screw press
design, installation of efficient heat recovery systems and integration of automated filters,
self-cleaning centrifuges and electronic systems with programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) for automation of plant operations in processing plants have improved process
efficiencies considerably. The thin film deodorizers first used for palm oil processing is
being slowly adapted for processing other commodity oils. The new countercurrent
desolventizers use significantly less steam than the conventional ones and reduced hexane
concentration in the meal from 500-700 ppm to 100-250 ppm.
Today protection of oil from oxidation and deterioration during processing is a priority.
This has been achieved by cooling oils between processes and storing them under nitrogen.
Although this has resulted in increased costs in energy and cooling water, installation of
improved heat and cooling water recovery systems in processing plants offset these costs
(Carlson and Scott, 1991). Minimization of tocopherol losses during processing also helped
to protect oil because of the antioxidant properties of tocopherols.
Consumer concerns about the use of chemicals for oil and oilseed processing encouraged
processors to look at the alternative extraction and refining techniques, such as enzyme-aided
processing and physical refining techniques, more closely. Integration of extraction and
refining facilities reduced overall operating costs, created more opportunities for energy and
waste management and effluent recycling and allowed immediate refining freshly extracted oil
at the same plant reducing transportation costs and product losses, consequently improving
product quality. Technical, economic, social and environmental sustainability of oil and oilseed
processing operations is an ongoing dialogue. More and more companies are implementing
sustainable practices in processing plants and making product development, feedstocks
purchasing and other business decisions based on sustainability and offering healthier products
to meet consumer demands. It is expected that advancements in biotechnology and
bioprocessing techniques will have a significant positive impact on the industry profit margins
and the types and quality of the products offered to the consumers.
REFERENCES
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Becker W. 1978 . Solvent Extraction of Soybeans . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 55 ( 11 ): 754 - 761 .
Berger KG . 1985 . Quality Control in Storage and Transport of Edible Oils . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62 ( 2 ): 438 - 442 .
Bernardini E. 1976 . Batch and Continuous Solvent Extraction . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53 ( 6 ): 275 - 278 .
Bernardini M . 1993 . Deodorization . In: Applewhite , T.A . (editor). Proceedings of the World Conference on
Oilseed Technology and Utilization. Budapest, Hungary. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. pp. 186-193.
Bhattacharyya AC , Bhattacharyya DK . 1987 . Deacidification of High FFA Rice Bran Oil by Reesterification
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