Biomedical Engineering Reference
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chitosan-based biomaterials with different stiffness. Soft chitosan-based biomaterials can
provide an appropriate environment for the proliferation of neurons. An optimal stiffness
of photopolymerizable methacrylamide chitosan (MAC) exists for both proliferation
(3.5 kPa) and differentiation to neurons (<1 kPa). Neural stem/progenitor cell self-renewal
is optimal between 1 and 7 kPa ( cf. Figure 9.11) [59]. Proliferation and colony formation
ceased on MAC surfaces when Young's elastic modulus was >10 kPa. In contrast, when
elastic modulus is higher than 10 kPa, the condition is appropriate for proliferation of
chondrocytes. As shown in Figure 9.12, chondrocytes showed a round morphology on
chitosan film (3.8 kPa) and a flattened and spread morphology on chitosan film (15.3 and
19.9 kPa), and cell number increases with increasing stiffness [60]. A rigid chitosan-based
biomaterial matrix is appropriate for the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.
Figure 9.11
Representative images of neural stem/progenitor cell seeded and differentiated on MAC hydrogels of varying
substrate stiffness over 8 days of culture. Cells attach as single cells and proliferate on all surfaces in the form
of colonies. 3.5 kPa MAC surfaces stimulated the largest colonies by day 8. Cell process formation and migration
out of colonies was only observed on <1 kPa surfaces. (From Leipzig, N. D. and Shoichet, M. S. 2010. Biomaterials
30: 6867-6878. With permission.)
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