Robotics Reference
In-Depth Information
The number of hits I got using Google were
,
,
House of representatives
4
180
000
Louse of representatives
28
Rouse of representatives
27
Mouse of representatives
12
Nouse of representatives
2
giving a very high degree of confidence that “house” is the correct first
word. This, of course, is very similar to the process we humans employ
when recognizing a whole phrase when we are not completely certain
about one of the words. It is often possible for us to make intelligent
(and correct) guesses based on the context.
Since the 1960s, the science of speech recognition has been the sub-
ject of a significant research effort, yet even as recently as the early 1990s
the best speech recognition systems would typically make errors on fif-
teen percent or more of the words they were set to recognize in a dicta-
tion task. Currently error rates as low as one to two percent are being
reported for the same task. If true, this is a remarkable improvement for
continuous speech recognition, a task considerably more difficult than
the recognition of isolated words or phrases.
Taste Recognition
In 2001 Henrique Mattoso and Antonio Riul, working at the Brazilian
Agricultural Research Corporation in Sao Carlos, received first prize in a
government-sponsored inventors' competition. Their invention was an
electronic tongue that can recognize the taste of water, wine, coffee and
other beverages and assess their quality.
The tongue incorporates electronic detectors that each contain four
different chemical sensors. These sensors comprise very thin films made
of conductive plastic, together with some particles of the element ruthe-
nium, all of which are deposited onto gold electrodes hooked up to an
electrical circuit. When they are placed in a liquid that contains flavoured
substances, each thin film absorbs the dissolved substances, thereby alter-
ing the electrical capacitance of each of the electrodes in a manner that
can be measured. The end result is that different tastes are converted
into different electrical capacitances, and by measuring these changes in
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