Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
that may be of relevance for possible toxic properties, some of them being
still unknown, the characterization of a nanomaterial may require as much
effort as its toxicological testing. Progress in the understanding of structure-
relation properties of nanoparticles will therefore require close collaboration
of material scientists and toxicologists. This requires additional costs; how-
ever, if characterization is omitted in order to avoid extra costs, the whole
study will be worthless if nonstandardized materials were studied.
The development of standardized characterization procedures will prog-
ress with the availability of nanoscaled reference materials, which are an
important topic of contemporary material research. For missing nanoma-
terial characterization standards, multimethod characterization should be
applied to the nanomaterials under study whenever possible [22].
The release of manufactured nanoparticles from synthesis, compound-
ing, product handling, or end-of-life processes may have important implica-
tions for environmental and human health. Assessment of the related risks
requires methods to detect and trace nanoparticles in the environment and
organisms [22,40]. Determination of nanoparticle release rates, persistency,
concentrations and distribution kinetics requires careful design of labora-
tory tests or strategies to distinguish nanoparticles of natural sources from
that of synthetic origin during field testing. In the latter case, such a distinc-
tion may require advanced labeling strategies for nanoparticles, for instance
by isotopes or fluorescence markers.
References
1. E. Abbe, “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen
Wahrnehmung,”
Arch. Mikrosk. Anat.
, vol. 9, 1873, pp. 413-418.
2. J. Polte, R. Erler, A.F. Thünemann, S. Sokolov, T.T. Ahner, K. Rademann,
F. Emmerling, and R. Kraehnert, “Nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles
studied via in situ small angle X-ray scattering at millisecond time resolution,”
ACS Nano
, vol. 4, 2010, pp. 1076-1082.
3. M. Faraday, “The Bakerian lecture: Experimental relations of gold (and other
metals) to light,”
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
, vol. 147, 1857, pp. 145-181.
4. M. Knoll and E. Ruska, “Das elektronenmikroskop,”
Z. Physik
, vol. 78, 1932,
pp. 318-339.
5. B. von Borries and E. Ruska, “Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer
Aufnahme,”
Klin. Wochenschr.
, vol. 17, 1938, p. 64.
6. K.R. Porter, A. Claude, and E.F. Fullam, “A study of tissue culture cells by elec-
tron microscopy: Methods and preliminary observations,”
J. Exp. Med.
, vol. 81,
1945, pp. 233-246.
7. G. Ruess and F. Vogt, “Höchst lamellarer Kohlenstoff aus Graphitoxyhydroxyd,”
Monatsh. Chem.
, vol. 78, 1948, pp. 222-242.
