Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4.
Private investment:
Multinationals should invest in the national
knowledge economy in the regions they are active in.
5.
Fair structures of the global knowledge economy:
The main structures
of the global knowledge economy (including intellectual prop-
erty rights, mobility of knowledge workers, and trade agreements)
should be fair for poor and developing countries.
6.
Access to higher education and research jobs:
The global community,
national governments, and all research institutions and individual
researchers should enable access to higher education and research
jobs for the deprived.
7.
Target research to poverty and health-related problems:
The global com-
munity, national governments, and all research institutions and indi-
vidual researchers should target a substantial part of their research
to poverty and health-related problems.
8.
Environmental sustainability:
Apart from social development, envi-
ronmental aspects should also be included in international coopera-
tion in ST&I.
Principles 6 and 7 (access to higher education and research jobs and target
research to poverty and health-related problems) include Nussbaum's prin-
ciples 7, 8, and 10 (problems of deprived and care for vulnerable, education).
Principle 8 is based on Nussbaum's capabilities “other species” and “control
over one's environment.” Nussbaum's principles 6 and 9 about global gover-
nance and the family are not relevant to ST&I policy.
13.3.1 Relationship of Criteria with Current Debate on Nanoethics
1.
Public engagement:
Public engagement in decision making on nano-
science and technology is currently a hot topic, at least in Europe.
This is not only apparent in the recent public dialogues on nanotech-
nology policies in countries such as the United Kingdom, Belgium,
the Netherlands, and France, and at the level of the European Union
(EU), but also in projects stimulating discussions between natural
scientists and the general public about the priorities in research (e.g.,
Bonazzi 2010; ObservatoryNano 2011).
2.
National sovereignty:
Primarily, each national government is of course
responsible for its own national policy on ST&I. However, in interna-
tional research cooperation involving research groups and compa-
nies from different countries, differences in national legislation and
policies can constitute a challenge that may jeopardize the outcome
of the project. Respecting the sovereignty of the national govern-
ment is thus not only an ethical norm but also a pragmatic neces-
sity, helping partners in international projects to prevent wasting
