Life Cycle Risks and Impacts of Nanotechnologies - Nanotechnology and Human Health - page 250

TABLE 11.10
Matrix of Most Needed Inventory Efforts for Nanosilver T-Shirt a,b

Indirect
Processes
- Inventory
Components

“Nano-Product”-
Specific Processes
- Inventory
Components

Direct Nanoparticle Emissions

Potential Release
Sources

Emission
Compartment

Raw Materials - - NA NA

Idem
conventional
T-shirts

Idem conventional
T-shirts + existing
database

/ /

Manufacturing - +++ +++ +++

Idem
conventional
T-shirts

- Parameterized
module for
flame spray
pyrolysis
- Parameterized
module for
plasma
polymerization
with silver
cosputtering

- Manufacturing
processes
- Transport
- Cleaning of
equipments
(e.g. used
filters)

Air, water
(WWTP)

Use - + +++ +++

Idem
conventional
T-shirts

- Idem
conventional
T-shirts
- Consumer
behaviour to
evaluate
(washing)

- Abrasion
during
wearing
- Abrasion
during
washing

Air, water
(sweat on
skin during
wearing),
water
(WWTP)

Disposal - - +++ +++

- Air
- Air
- Water
a The importance of inventory efforts is reflected by the following code in decreasing order:
+++ > ++ > + > -. NA: not applicable.
b Sources used for completing the table: Mueller et al. 84 and Walser et al. 24

Idem
conventional
T-shirts

Idem conventional
T-shirts

- Incineration
- Recycling
- WWTP

human toxicity, ecotoxicity). It then relates these categories to four main dam-
age categories—human health, ecosystems, climate change, and resources.
Different methods are available, such as CML in Europe and TRACI 101 in
the United States concentrating on midpoint levels, as well as ReCiPe 102 and
IMPACT2002+ 5 that cover both midpoint and damages, and IMPACT World+ 103
that extend the IMPACT framework as well as USEtox 7, 5 9 to the whole world.
These methods are relatively well developed to cover classic midpoint cat-
egories such as global warming, acidification, and ozone depletion linked to
indirect inputs for nanomaterial manufacturing. To address the nanoparticle
specificities, research should essentially focus on the human toxicity and eco-
toxicity impacts of nanoparticles and of their alternatives solutions.