Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2
Nanomaterial Characterization
and Metrolo
gy
Asmus Meyer-Plath and Florian F. Schweinberger
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Properties of Nanoparticles ........................................................................ 16
2.2.1 Primary Nanoparticles .................................................................... 17
2.2.1.1 Particle Structure, Shape, and Size ................................. 17
2.2.1.2 Particle Composition and Impurities ............................. 19
2.2.1.3 Surface Composition and Chemistry ............................. 19
2.2.2 Nanoparticle Agglomerates and Aggregates............................... 21
2.2.3 Nanoparticle Suspensions .............................................................. 21
2.2.4 Morphology and Porosity ............................................................... 22
2.2.5 Substance Properties ....................................................................... 23
2.2.6 Surface Properties ............................................................................ 23
2.2.7 Aging of Nanoparticles ................................................................... 24
2.3 Relations between Nanoparticle Characteristics and Toxicity ............. 25
2.3.1 Possible Origins of Nanoparticle-Specific Toxicity ..................... 25
2.3.2 Characterization-Related Problems of Toxicological
Assessment ....................................................................................... 26
2.4 Strategies for Nanoparticle Characterization .......................................... 26
2.4.1 Characterization Techniques for Individual
Nanoparticles (IPA) ......................................................................... 27
2.4.2 Ensemble-Averaging Characterization Techniques for
Nanoparticles (EAA) ....................................................................... 30
2.4.3 Sample Preparation Issues .............................................................. 30
2.4.4 Importance of Reference Materials ............................................... 31
2.5 Techniques for Nanomaterial Characterization ...................................... 32
2.5.1 Minimum Set of Nanomaterial Characteristics .......................... 32
2.5.2 Example: Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 34
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives ...................................................................... 35
References ............................................................................................................... 36
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