Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
Embodied energy per materials (MJ/kg)
(b)
Influence of functional unit choice
30
Highest ranges
Mass-based f.u.
Highest ranges
1e+6
25
1e+5
20
Stiffness-based f.u.
15
1e+4
10
1e+3
5
1e+2
0
1e+1
FIGURE 11.6
(a) Selection of energy requirements (logarithmic scale) for production of carbon-based nanomaterials (black), conventional materials (light grey),
nanocomposites (dark grey). SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes; CNF, carbon nanofibers. (From Khanna, V. et al.,
J. Ind. Ecol.
,
12,
394, 2008;
Khanna, V. and Bakshi, B.R.,
Environ. Sci. Technol.
, 43,
2078, 2009; Anctil, A. et al.,
Environ. Sci. Technol.
,
45,
2353, 2011; Healy, M.L. et al.,
J. Ind. Ecol.
,
12,
376, 2008; and own computation.) (b) Change in energy requirements for production of PP/CNF and PUR/CNF, used for automotive body paneling,
compared with that for steel production, using a product mass-based functional unit (black) or a product property-based functional unit (light grey;
in the example, stiffness is used). Lowest and highest ranges dependent on percent weight of nanomaterials in product. f.u., functional unit. (From
Khanna, V. and Bakshi, B.R.,
Environ. Sci. Technol.
,
43,
2078,
20 09.)
