Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 11.1 (Continued)
Overview of LCA Studies Dedicated to Nano-Based Products a
LC Stages Included c
'Impact' Assessment Coverage d
Application/Product
Category b
Nontoxic
Impacts e
Toxic
Impacts e
NP-Specific
Toxicity f
Nanomaterials
RM
P
U
D
Energy
References
x
x
Yttria-stabilized
zirconia
Surface coating (via different
plasma spray techniques)
-
-
-
+++
+++
-
Moign et al. 50
Complementary
metal-oxide-
semiconductor
(CMOS)
Wafer (semiconductor)
x
x
-
-
+++
+
(GW)
-
-
Krischnan et al. 51
Fe- and
Al-nanoparticles
(energetic NPs) g
Nanofuel
x
x
x
x
+++
-
-
-
Wen et al. 52
a Retrieved in April 2012 from Meyer et al., 53 Gavankar et al., 54 Steinfeld et al., 55 Upadhyayula et al., 56 Olsen and Miseljic, 57 Hischier and Walser, 58 and own
search.
b “NA” indicates a study that focuses on the production of the nanomaterial without considering its application to a specific product.
c '(x)' in use stage indicates that the use stage is comprehended in the assessment only as energy/impact payback time, i.e. time required for an energy
generation plant or device to produce the same amount of energy as was invested to fabricating it; '(x)' in disposal stage indicates that the assumptions
made in the studies led to ruling out the assessment of the disposal stage.
d Marked with “+++”: complete 'impact' assessment. Marked with “+”: partial assessment. Marked with “-”: no assessment.
e Nontoxic impacts include global warming (GW), acidification (AC), eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, stratospheric ozone depletion and
resource depletion including water and nonrenewable resources; toxic impacts include ecotoxicity (FE: freshwater ecotoxicity) and human toxicity-
related impact categories; some authors reported aggregated emission inventories of different pollutants: they are marked as 'Inv.'
f Indications refer to quantitative impact assessment of the released nanoparticles (NP) in one or several life cycle stages; 'Conv-Ag' indicates that
authors regarded the released nanosilver as elemental/ionic silver and not as a nanoparticle in the impact assessment phase.
g These studies used already-published data about nanomaterials production to conduct their assessments; Dinghra et al. 27 used data for the CNF pro-
duction from Khanna et al. 14 ; Garcia-Valverde et al. 36 used data for the production of fullerenes from Kushnir et al. 19
 
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