Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicology of Nanomaterials - Nanotechnology and Human Health - page 192

TABLE 10.3 (Continued)
Summary of Ecotoxicity for Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

Nanomaterial
(Size) Test Organism Effect References

Rainbow trout k Respiratory toxicant at 0.5 mg L -1 [130]

MWCNT C. dubia l 48-h LC 50 = 50.9 mg L -1 [41]

Invertebrates m LC 50 = 68 mg kg -1 [41]

Protozoan n Growth inhibition by d-MWCNT [113]

Zucchini o 15-day 60% biomass red. at 1000 mg L -1 [56]

Mouse (IV inj.) p Accumulation in spleen, not toxic [131]

Mouse (inh.) q Immune suppression, lung to spleen

signal

[132]

Hydroxylated
MWCNT

C. dubia No effect at 120 mg L -1 [41]

Carbon black
(20-25 nm)

Invertebrates r LC 50 = 27/22 mg kg -1 [41]

Note: See Tables 10.1 and 10.2 for previous abbreviations. MD, liquid low-salt minimal Davis
medium; GSH, glutathione S -transferase; IV inj., intravenous injection; inh., inhalation;
LPO, lipid peroxidation; d-MWCNT, decylamine-conjugated multiple-walled carbon
nanotubes; Red., reduction; THF-s, tetrahydrofuran solubilization; WS, water stirred.
a Size of filtered aggregates. Effect noted only in minimal Davis medium, no effect noted in
Luria broth [114]. No toxic effect noted upon addition of soil suspension or 0.05 mg L -1 humic
acids [115].
b Inhibition was no longer detected after 1 week of exposure [119].
c Sonicated fullerene.
d Water-stirred fullerene aggregates with average diameter 349-1394 nm, also produced
delayed molting (at 2.5 mg L -1 ) and 75% decreased offspring production at 5 mg L -1 .
e Downregulation of the PMP70 gene, suggesting fatty acid metabolism inhibition, oxidative
stress.
f Freshwater fish Carassius auratus , 32-day study.
g Marine fish model Fundulus heteroclitus embryos. Animals can withstand small oxidative
stress.
h Estuarine copepods Amphiascus tenuiremis , unpurified material caused 34% reduction molting
success, 36% mortality at 10 mg L -1 but purified material was nontoxic.
i Lipid-coated nanotubes.
j Nonsignificant effect as 99% of exposed embryo hatched by 75-h postfertilization.
k SDS-solubilized SWCNT, surfactant may have caused observed toxicity after 10 days [130].
l Nanotubes were stabilized with 100 mg L -1 natural organic matter.
m Sediment tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus and Hyalella azteca . Value shown for L. plumulosus ,
no LC 50 value could be obtained for H. azteca (more tolerant species).
n Protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis , glucosamine, and decylamine-coated tubes. The d-MWCNT
liberated toxic decylamine upon ingestion by organisms.
o Cucurbita pepo , root growth inhibition was observed only for copper nanoparticles [56].
p Study duration, 2 months.
q Immune suppression observed at 1 mg m 3 , no effect at 0.3 mg m 3 .
r

Exposure in sediments, 27 for L. plumulosus , 22 for H. azteca .