Toxicokinetics and Interaction of Nanoparticles with Biological Matrices - Nanotechnology and Human Health - page 174

absorption will change with the arrival of new transformer NP (NP with
exotic functionalization) on the market.
This review also points out those NPs that can rapidly translocate from the
lung into the cells, and then reach the systemic circulation. There is increasing
evidence that the accumulation of NPs in different organs (e.g., heart, brain)
shows signs of oxidative stress or other stress toxic effects. Even oxidative stress
can occur for many other reasons, and this significant addition may cause a
long-term health effect. A long-term study is required to quantify the long-
term risk. Given that this neuronal translocation pathway was also demon-
strated in nonhuman primates, it is also likely to be operative in humans [39].
New technology approaches, such as a proteomic analysis profiling
approach, in which we detected much below the clinical sign effect of protein
modification, will be useful to observe before the health effect is irrevers-
ible. However, these sophisticated approaches will only work if they are sup-
ported by a rigorous characterization of the NPs in medium. This overview
showed that improved science in this field will span different disciplines. As
a result of the improved science, we will gain insight on how NPs interact
in relation to their physical and chemical properties, and will subsequently
attain optimal understanding of the mode of action in the biological systems.
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