Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 7. Building a real LEGO™ helicopter after being trained in the task with a multimodal
training system.
kind of aid was considered as an indirect aid , because the participants had to translate in
a cognitive way the information of each diagram to the actions that had to be undertaken
at that step.
Fig. 8. Three pages of the instruction topic, showing for each step the target brick and the
final result of the step.
Group 2 - Direct aids: the training platform provided information about the immediate
action that participants had to perform in a direct way through visual and haptic aids .
Each step consists of two main operations: select the correct brick and place the brick in its
correct position on the model. For the first action, select the correct brick, the target brick
was highlighted in yellow colour (visual aid) and the trainee received an attraction force to
it (haptic aid), see Figure 9 on the top. For the second action, place the brick, a copy of the
correct brick was rendered at its target position (visual aid) and an attraction force towards
that position was applied as well (haptic aid), see Figure 9 on the bottom.
From the point of view of the authors, the main disadvantage of the direct aids is that their
abuse of use can inhibit an active exploration of the task and the trainees can become
dependent on these aids . This fact could impede the transfer of skills in the real situation,
where these aids are no longer available. To avoid this problem , the authors proposed a
training strategy based on providing these direct aids in a controlled way and reduce them
along the training process. In this experiment, the training period consisted of four training
sessions. Therefore, during the first training session, in order to have an overview of the task,
the aids were displayed automatically by the system, i.e. after finishing an action the trainee
received automatically information for the next action. After that, during the second training
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