Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 8. A task example to test the suitability of the different types of cursors.
gender, age (below and over 30) and 3D-game players or not. The groups were approximately
of the same size except for women over 30 and game-player and men below 30 non 3D
game-players that were smaller (only 1 and 2 users, respectively).
5.1 Object manipulation tests
To test the strategies to help picking, we put the camera in front of an open virtual fridge
full of objects. The camera movement was inhibited. User could only rotate the camera but
not change its position. All the objects were accessible from the camera position. The task
consisted of clicking onto objects to remove them. Figure 8 shows an example of this task. We
measured the number of objects that users could remove during a fixed time interval. Users
answered questions about their preferred mechanism according to three different criteria:
visibility, precision and visual appearance. We tested the different cursors as well as the
objects highlighting mechanisms. The results showed that the cursor that allowed a larger
number of selections was the spy-hole. However, users preferred the pointing finger because
they found it more meaningful. Their second preference was the arrow. In addition, users
preferred the animation of the cursor to indicate the nature of the interaction that objects
support, for instance, a rotation of the hand on doors, and opening and closing the hand for
grasping objects.
To test objects grabbing, we set a task in which users had to move objects from the fridge to the
kitchen marble at a side. The marble was also reachable, so it was not necessary to move the
camera but only to rotate it. We measured the number of objects that users were able to move
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