Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Lignification and Lignin Manipulations in Conifers
ARMIN WAGNER, *,1 LLOYD DONALDSON * AND JOHN RALPH { , {
*Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
{ Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin, USA
{ DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and the Wisconsin
Bioenergy Initiative, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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II. Lignification in Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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A. Lignin Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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B. Lignin Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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C. Lignin Polymerisation and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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D. Molecular Aspects of Lignification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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III. Lignin Manipulations in Conifers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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A. Manipulations of Monolignol Biosynthesis in Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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B. Lignin Design Strategies for Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ABSTRACT
Lignification is integral to wood formation and has been studied in great detail in
conifers for decades. This effort has resulted in detailed knowledge about the chemical
composition, structure and content of lignin in different cell and wood types. Lignin
distribution and biochemical composition has been resolved at an ultra-structural
1 Corresponding author: E-mail: armin.wagner@scionresearch.com
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