Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
measures. Suppliers of operating systems are locked into an escalating strug-
gle to develop effective countermeasures to foil hackers.
We will return to the problem of hackers later in this topic when we come
to the creation of the Internet and the personal computer. In the next chapter we
look at the continued development of programming languages and of the attempt
to turn the business of writing programs into a real engineering discipline.
Key concepts
Instruction set
M
File clerk model of computer
M
Machine code and assembly language
M
Subroutines, loops, and branches
M
FORTRAN and COBOL
M
Operating system concepts
M
Batch processing and time sharing
l
Device drivers
l
Interrupts
l
System calls
l
Memory management
l
Security
l
Microcode
M
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