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viability of existing projects and would suggest
that in future governments and other organisations
are not necessarily going to make unbiased
decisions with regard to irrigation projects.
In the more advanced Western economies and
in dryland countries where pressure on the water
resource base is already high, it seems likely that
irrigated areas may already have reached their peak
values and may even be in decline. In Israel, the
movement is already downwards, while in the
USA it seems to be past the highest point, but no
major decline has yet been registered. Elsewhere,
the statistics are not reliable enough to be sure
exactly what is happening. On the other side of
the coin, it does appear likely that in many
developing countries the irrigated area will
continue to expand for perhaps another decade or
so before even here the relentless pressure of
population growth and associated water demand
will bring this increase to an end.
Hydropolitics and Legal Issues. London: School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of
London. Detailed assessment of irrigation water
use in the Nile basin.
Lonergan, S.C. and Brooks, D.B. (1994)
Watershed— The Role of Fresh Water in The Israeli-
Palestinian Conflict. Ottawa: International
Development Research Centre. Discusses the
conflict over water use for irrigation in both Israel
and the occupied Palestinian West Bank.
Rydzewski, J.R. and Ward, C.F. (eds) (1989)
Irrigation: Theory and Practice. London: Pentech
Press. Comprehensive textbook on irrigation.
REFERENCES
Adams, R.M. (1965) Land Behind Baghdad. Chicago:
Chicago University Press.
Adams, R.M. (1978) Strategies of maximisation, stability
and resilience in Mesopotamian society, settlement and
agriculture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society 122, 329-35.
Bauer, C.J. (1997) Bringing water markets down to earth:
the political economy of water rights in Chile, 1976-
95. World Development 25(5), 639-59.
Beaumont, P. (1968) Qanats on the Varamin Plain, Iran.
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 45, 169-79.
Beaumont, P. (1971) Qanat systems in Iran. Bulletin of the
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Beaumont, P. (1973) A traditional method of ground water
extraction in the Middle East. Ground Water 11, 23-30.
Beaumont, P. (1978)The Euphrates river—an international
problem of water resources development. Environmental
Conservation 5, 35-43.
Beaumont, P. (1985) Irrigated agriculture and groundwater
mining on the High Plains of Texas, USA. Environmental
Conservation 12(2), 119-30.
Beaumont, P. (1993) Drylands—Environmental Management
and Development. London: Routledge.
Beaumont, P. (1994) The myth of water wars and the future
of irrigated agriculture in the Middle East. International
Journal of Water Resources Development 10(1), 9-21.
Beaumont, P. (1996) Agricultural and environmental
changes in the upper Euphrates catchment of Turkey
and Syria and their political and economic implications.
Applied Geography 16(2), 137-57.
Beaumont, P. (1997) Water and armed conflict in the
Middle East—fantasy or reality? In N.P.Gleditsch (ed.)
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING
Beaumont, P. (1997) Water and armed conflict in
the Middle East—fantasy or reality? In
N.P.Gleditsch (ed.) Conflict and the Environment,
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 355-74.
Examines the increasing pressures on water
resources in the region and the necessity for
restructuring water usage, with irrigation water
being reallocated to more economically
productive uses.
Beaumont, P. (1971) Qanat systems in Iran. Bulletin
of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology,
16, 39-50. Guide to a traditional method or
groundwater irrigation which played a key role in
the agricultural development of the drylands of
Asia from China to the Mediterranean.
Graf, T.J. andYardas, D. (1998) Reforming Western
water policy: markets and regulation. Natural
Resources and Environment, 12(3), 165-9. Studies
the growing impact of water markets in the USA
and the transfer of water from irrigation to urban/
industrial use.
Howell, P. and Allan, T. (eds) (1990) The Nile—
Resource Evaluation, Resource Management,
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