Biology Reference
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temperature, water turbidity, and characterization of water type (i.e., white water, black water,
or mixed). Aquatic habitat was defined as main river channel, tributary, oxbow lake, or
confluence. Surveys were assigned to seasons based on the relative depth of water and the
month of the year (Table 1). Surveys in Bolivia and Peru were conducted in all seasons.
Surveys in Venezuela were conducted during falling, low, and rising water seasons, but not
during the high water season.
Table 1 . Dates, locations, and seasons of field observations.
Country
Location
River
Basin
Long/
Lat
Year
Seasons
sampled
Peak
water
level
Reference
67 o W,
6 o N
Venezuela
Cinaruco River,
Santos Luzardo
National Park
Orinoco
1993-
1994
low
rising
falling
July
McGuire
1995
McGuire
and
Winemiller
1998
Peru
Pacaya-Samiria
National Reserve
Amazon
74 o W,
5 o S
1996-
2000
all
May
McGuire
2002
65 o W,
14 o S
Bolivia
Tijamuchi River
Amazon,
upper
Madeira,
Mamoré
Sub-basin
1998
1999
2001
all
Feb
Aliaga-
Rossel 2000,
2002
Figure 1. Location of study sites, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela.
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