APPENDICES - Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology - page 219

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Department of Geography and Environmental
Development
P.O. Box 653
Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Director: Dan Blumberg
Data Manager: Shira Amir
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]

Université de Paris-Sud
Photothèque Planétaired ' Orsay
Département des Sciences de la Terre
Bâtiment 509
F-91405 Orsay, France
Director: Chiara Marmo
Phone: [phone]
Data Manager: Laurent Daumas
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]

University College London
Regional Planetary Image Facility
Department of Earth Sciences
University College London
Gower Street
London WC1E 6BT, UK
Director: Jan-Peter Muller
Data Manager: Peter Grindrod
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]

Appendix 2.1 Common planetary imaging
systems

Although charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are the primary
detectors for current imaging systems, cameras on pre-
vious missions used a variety of detectors, including tradi-
tional film and video systems. Because the data from the
previous missions still provide a wealth of planetary infor-
mation, these systems are described below.

University of New Brunswick
Planetary and Space Science
Centre
Department of Geology
University of New Brunswick
P.O. Box 4400
Fredericton NB, Canada E3B 5A3
Director: John Spray
Data Manager: Beverly Elliott
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]

A2.1.1 Film systems

The highest-resolution planetary images were produced on
photographic film that was returned to Earth. Thus far in
planetary exploration, this has been achieved only from
some of the Soviet Zond spacecraft and the manned
Apollo missions to the Moon. Of the unmanned NASA
lunar and planetary missions, only the Lunar Orbiter
( Fig. 2.20 )used film sensors, but the film was not returned
to Earth; it was developed on board and then the images
were transferred to Earth as an electronic signal. Although
there was overlap of the frames, providing stereoscopic
models, the nature of the electronic transfer and reconstruc-
tion introduced artifacts in the stereo models that were
never fully resolved. Nonetheless, the five Lunar Orbiters
returned the first near-global imaging data set for the Moon.
Returned film from the Apollo missions enabled analy-
ses without the complexities of electronic transformation
and provided reliable stereoscopic models useful for pho-
togrammetry. Hand-held cameras using 70mm film (color
and black and white) were used both from orbit and on the
ground. Some of these images were used to make panor-
amic views of the terrain from overlapping frames.
The Apollo 14 mission carried a sophisticated mapping
camera, but a malfunction early in the mission resulted in
there being very little usable data. Apollos 15, 16,and17 all

University of Oulu
Nordic Regional Planetary Image
Facility
Department of Physical Sciences
Astronomy Division
University of Oulu
FIN-90014 University of Oulu,
Finland
Director: Jouko Raitala
Data Manager: Veli-Petri Kostama
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]