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OH
HO
OH
O
HO
O
N
N
N
N
OH
O
OH
HO
O
N
O
N
N
N
HO
O
O
O
O
S
N
HN
N
O
N
OH
O
OH
N
O
HO
O
O
O
O
HO
n
Fig. 6 CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanoparticles functionalised with tri-antennary, galactoside-
capped dendron.
nano-hybrid was found smoothly and selectively up-taken by lung cancer
cells enriched with membrane-bound asialoprotein receptors in 2-3 h.
Furthermore, cancer cells that are undergoing active mitosis also tend to
uptake the nanohybrids eciently and remain sustainable in serum-
containing medium for several days. These results shed light on its
application as a photodynamic drug carrier for apoptosis study.
51
Antibody-MGNPs conjugates are good candidates to accomplish sensi-
tive and highly specific detection of tumor cells. The presence of the outer
gold layer ensures possibilities for easy chemical conjugation of diverse
molecules in varying ratios. The hybrid nature of these nanoparticles is a
great advantage, as the carbohydrate molecules provide resistance to
nonspecific adsorption and lack of immunogenicity, while allowing
specific targeting and keeping the size of the nanoparticles smaller than
other stabilizers. This feature represents an advantage for in vivo
applications, as it facilitates longer blood half-life, avoiding RES clearance.
The possibility to conjugate different vectors (peptides, DNA, small mol-
ecules, and others) to these sugar/carboxyl hybrid magnetic nanoparticles
(MGNPs) makes them candidates for the production of high-quality con-
trast agents, capable to detect targets at the cellular and molecular level.
Recently, a novel vaccine concept based on nanosized polymer-linked
vaccines, has been explored.
52
In particular tumor-associated MUC1 glyco-
peptides and T-cell epitope peptides were coupled to watersoluble metha-
crylamide polymers; the subsequent attachment of the tetanus toxoid T-cell
epitope P2 onto the hydrophilic polymer vaccines, causes their self-assembly
to micelle-like nanoobjects. These novel polymer-based glycopeptide vac-
cines induced significant MHC-II-mediated immune reactions in mice and
elicit IgG antibodies, which recognize breast tumor cells.
4 Conclusion
The investigation of the structure-activity relationship (SAR), in synthetic
vaccines constructs,
is particularly dicult because the complex
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