Image Processing Reference
In-Depth Information
presents a comprehensive and critical review of the state of the art in geometric
modeling of the cardiac chambers, notably the LV, and their potential for
functional analysis. It is an updated version of our previous review [16]. In
order to set reasonable bounds to the extent of this survey, we have confined
ourselves to peer-reviewed archival publications
proposing methods for LV (or
RV) segmentation, shape representation, and functional and motion analysis that
fulfill the following selection criteria:
*
•
The technique is model based.
•
The reconstructed model is 3-D.
**
•
Illustration on cardiac images is provided.
This review is organized as follows: Section 9.2 gives a brief overview of the
different acquisition modalities that have been used in imaging the heart. Section
9.3 summarizes and defines the most relevant clinical parameters that provide
information on cardiac function. Section 9.4 presents a systematic classification of
cardiac models by type of geometrical representation and parameterization; atten-
tion is also given to the different types of input data and features for model recovery.
This section is summarized in
Table 9.1
. Section 9.5 discusses cardiac modeling
approaches with respect to the functional parameters they provide and the degree
of evaluation possible with these methods. This section leads to
Table 9.2
that links
the clinical target of obtaining functional information of the heart (Section 9.3) to the
various technical approaches presented in Section 9.4. Finally, Section 9.6 closes the
survey with conclusions and suggestions for future research.
9.2
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
FOR CARDIAC EXAMINATION
The physical properties on the basis of which the imaging device reconstructs an
image (e.g., radioactive emissions of an isotope) are intimately related to some
specific functional aspects of the heart (e.g., its perfusion properties). Each imag-
ing modality has advantages and limitations that influence the achievable mod-
eling accuracy. This section briefly reviews the techniques most frequently used
for 3-D clinical investigation of the heart. More extensive reviews and comple-
mentary reading can be found in References 17-24.
9.2.1
A
NGIOCARDIOGRAPHY
Angiocardiography is the x-ray imaging of the heart following the injection of a
radio-opaque contrast medium. Although 2-D, in principle, this technique can
provide projections from two angles using a biplane system. Selective enhancement
A few exceptions were made when the approaches were considered relevant and journal versions
were not available.
*
Even if the imaging technique is not 3-D, for instance, in the reconstruction of 3-D, models from
multiple nonparallel slices or from multiple 2-D, projections.
**
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