Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
warmest months (i.e., July and August). The potential evapo-transpiration value
commonly goes above the precipitation and varies from 1,300 to 2,600 mm, with
an average yearly value about 2,100 mm (Kattan
2008
).
3.5 Morphological Structure
The major topographical characteristic of ERB territories is the simplicity. There
are some of little height hills, essentially areas surrounds the Lake Al-Asad. The
average height of ERB territories is 350 m in the north at Jarablous and 180 m in
the south at Al-Bou-Kamal. Euphrates's ''base valley'' located downstream below
200 m. Its path-slope is about (0.25 m/km
-1
) (Kattan
2008
).
Euphrates has a length of about 675 km in Syria. It across Syria within a low
geological formation. The major geological components return to the three geo-
logical times: Paleogene (argillaceous limestone); Neogene (gypsum, silty clays,
sandstone, siltstone, clays, and pebbles); and Quaternary (pebbles, gravels, loams,
and sandy loams) (Ponikarov
1967
). The alluvial aquifer, composed mainly of
gravels and boulders at the base and bigger alluvial sediments (i.e., loams and
sandy loams) at the top, is the mainly significant water bearing system in the basin
(Kattan
2008
).
3.6 Soils
Soil is found on either side of the Euphrates in Syria which despite having copious
irrigation, offers bad growing conditions, and thus reduce crop yield. The humus is
low in the arid east, where mostly raw soils are found on soft, low resistive source
rock. The soil debris, the plaster floors, and dust and loose soils of the Syrian
desert steppe and desert are heavily climate conditioned. This may represent an
almost insurmountable obstacle for agricultural use in the northeast of Aleppo,
especially for trees and vines. Soils with a high salt or gypsum content are not
suitable for agricultural use. Fortunately, the Miocene gypsum and anhydrite of the
lower Fars in Syria is found only in a large area in the desert steppe. The salt or salt
surfaces of Sabchat Al-Jabboul, which today is the dry-end lake Syria, are also not
so significant (Wirth
1971
). Gypsiferous crust soils covers a wide parts of ERB
territories. The breakdown of irrigation water canals because flowing of the water
within canals material due to soil salinization. The second major reason for sali-
nization is over-pumping. After salinization due to the aforementioned reasons, the
soil will be exposed. As a result, ERB soils have to be carefully irrigated.
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