Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
places for pupils in towns, and because of the organization of urban life,
schooling is possible since fewer children are taken out of school to help on the
farm.
Education for South America seems to be both a result as well as a cause of
the central industrialization-urbanization process in development. This warns us
against any easy assumption of causality between education and the general
process. Latin American countries have been able to advance educational levels,
but have often been unable to provide employment for the best educated people.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, Argentina was notorious for exporting large
numbers of professionals to other countries. This “brain drain” was only the
most extreme element of an imbalance between educational achievement and
economic possibilities.
Health provision
The patterns for health provision are similar to those for education. One index
here is the incidence of infant mortality, relating to overall health provision,
health conditions for the mother and for the child ( Table 4.4 ). It is chosen here in
preference to food provision indices such as calorie supply, which do not
measure the quality of food provision; and to the numbers of doctors, which may
reflect conditions such as those for Latin American countries where too many
professionals are produced by the educational system.
Again comparing South American countries with those of sub-Saharan Africa,
the American range is 23-108, versus an African range of 41-168. As with
education, the urbanization factor comes into play, as well as local emphasis on
Table 4.4 Levels of infant morta lity.
Country
I nfant mortality per thousand births
India
93
China
31
Other low income
98
Lower middle
57
Upper middle
42
High income
9
NICS
Hong Kong
7
Korea
24
Emergent NICS
Indonesia
68
P hilippines
4 4
Source: as Table 4.1 .
 
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