New Insights into Desiccation-Associated Gene Regulation by Lilium longiflorum ASR during Pollen Maturation and in Transgenic Arabidopsis - International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology - page 59

glucosinolate O-methyltransferase 2 (At1g21120) and FAD-binding ber-
berine family proteins (At1g30720 and At5g44380) may participate in vari-
ous metabolic processes of a variety of carbohydrates and sucrose ( Belunis
and Raetz, 1992 ; Hemm et al., 2003 ; Lee et al., 2005 ; Lütken et al., 2010 ).
Kinesin-like protein (At3g23670) may be involved in the microtubule con-
trol of cellulose microfibril order ( Zhong et al., 2002 ). These LLA23-reg-
ulated genes are consistent with the reported grape ASR whose function
is involved in sugar metabolism and a common transduction pathway of
sugar and ABA signaling ( Cakir et al., 2003 ; Frankel et al., 2007 ; Saumon-
neau et al., 2012 ). In addition, an identified LLA23-regulated gene encodes
branched-chain amino acid transferase (At1g50110), which is coincided
with the finding that ZmASR1 influences branched-chain amino acid bio-
synthesis and maintains kernel yield in maize under water-limited condi-
tions ( Virlouvet et al., 2011 ). Recently, Arenhart et al. (2012) have used
a proteomic approach to compare nontransformed and ASR-RNAi rice
plants and identified a total of 41 proteins with contrasting expression pat-
terns, most of which are involved in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabo-
lism and response to stress. However, none of them affected by rice ASR are
transcription factors and signaling-related molecules.
The second group of LLA23-regulated genes includes seven transcrip-
tion factors and five protein kinase genes. These transcription factors may
function in the regulation of some stress-inducible genes. For instance,
GRAS family transcription factor (At5g41920) is a recently discovered
family of plant-specific proteins named after GAI, RGA and SCR, the
first three of its members isolated. The GRAS proteins may exert impor-
tant roles in very diverse processes such as signal transduction, meristem
maintenance and development upon various stresses ( Ma et al., 2010 ;
Yang et al., 2012 ). The gene encoding RGA1-like protein (At3g03450)
is a DELLA protein which undergoes degradation in response to gibber-
ellin via the 26S proteasome ( Piskurewicz et al., 2008 ). In addition, the
protein may be involved in reducing ROS accumulation in response to
stress ( Ishibashi et al., 2012 ). The gene encoding pseudoresponse regula-
tor 3 (At5g60100) may affect the period of the circadian clock. Two genes
encoding patatin-related phospholipase A (At4g37070) and lysophos-
pholipase (At4g37070) are involved in phospholipid metabolism. Protein
phosphatase 2C (At1g16220) combined with SNF1-related protein kinase
forms the primary basis of an early ABA signaling module ( Hubbard et al.,
2010 ) and WD-repeat protein (At4g33260) may activate respective down-
stream signal cascades to modulate anthocyanin accumulation and trichome