Regulation of Blood–Testis Barrier (BTB) Dynamics during Spermatogenesis via the “Yin” and “Yang” Effects of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 - International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology - page 289

CHAPTER SIX

Regulation of Blood-Testis
Barrier (BTB) Dynamics during
Spermatogenesis via the “Yin”
and “Yang” Effects of Mammalian
Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
(mTORC1) and mTORC2

Ka Wai Mok, Dolores D. Mruk, C. Yan Cheng 1
Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research,
Population Council, New York, USA
1 Corresponding author: E-mail: [e-mail]

Contents
1. Introduction

293

2. Actin-BasedCellJunctionsatBTB 298

2.1. TightJunction 299

2.1.1. Claudins 300

2.1.2. Occludin 302

2.1.3. Junctional Adhesion Molecules 304

2.1.4. ZO Adaptor Proteins 306

2.2. EctoplasmicSpecialization(ES) 308

2.2.1. Basal ES 309

2.2.2. Apical ES 314

2.3. GapJunctions 315

3. MammalianTargetofRapamycin(mTOR) 317

3.1. Introduction 317

3.2. MammalianTargetofRapamycinComplex1(mTORC1) 318

3.2.1. Upstream Signaling Molecules of mTORC1 319

3.2.2. Downstream Signaling Molecules of mTORC1 321

3.3. MammalianTargetofRapamycinComplex2(mTORC2) 326

3.3.1. Upstream Signaling Molecules of mTORC2 327

3.3.2. Downstream Signaling Molecules of mTORC2 328

3.4. TheInterplaybetweenmTORC1andmTORC2
inRegulatingCellularEvents 332

3.5. RegulationofBlood-TissueBarrierFunctionbymTOR 333

3.5.1. Regulation of Barrier Function in The Kidney by mTOR 333