Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response: Dynamics and Metabolic Integration - International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology - page 247

metabolism is still rather nascent, and further studies are required to deter-
mine their relevance to the development of human diseases. Some of these
pathological implications will be discussed in the next and final sections.
6. UPR AND PATHOLOGIES
Pathophysiological alterations in cellular calcium along with ER
stress signaling are hallmarks of a broad variety of pathologies such as
type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases
and Alzheimer disease (AD) ( Kelley et al., 2002 ; Lim et al., 2009 ). These
Figure 5.5 ER and pathologies . ER stress and alterations in cellular calcium characterize
diverse pathologies such as type-2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and some car-
diovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These pathologies are also characterized
by marked decrease in cellular metabolism, which is accompanied with protein misfold-
ing and aggregation, and some characteristic hallmarks of UPR. However, the molecular
mechanisms linking all these processes are not yet fully understood.