Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 1
1. Named individuals were the most important sources of information for these
three vignettes. For a complete discussion of the California case studies, see the
methodological appendix in my dissertation (Warner 2004). California's pest-
control advisors are described in chapter 4.
2. Information on codling moth resistance from Dunley and Welter 2000.
3. This according to Benbrook (1996), a leading scientific critic of environmen-
tally harmful pesticide use.
4. The former two are compatible with organic production. Mites are arthro-
pods closely related to spiders that are not members of the class insecta.
Miticides are pesticides used to control them.
5. As documented by the PUR database. For details of this database, see below.
For information on organophosphate reductions in the California pear industry,
see figure 3.6.
6. See Epstein et al. 2000, 2001; Zhang et al. 2004; Elliott et al. 2004. I analyze
and interpret the data at the end of chapter 3.
7. Crush districts were established by the state legislature in the 1880s. Some
correspond to county boundaries, but those in the San Joaquin Valley do not.
The Lodi district includes southern Sacramento and northern San Joaquin
Counties. For more information on local and state wide agricultural districts and
organizations, see below.
8. Ledbetter is quoted in National Resources Defense Council 1998.
9. From Culver 1993.
10. For a description of the early Lodi partnership activities, see Culver 1993.
11. For detailed analyses of the immediate political impacts of Carson's work,
see Hynes 1989 and Dunlap 1981.
12. For analysis of US environmental policy initiatives shaping agriculture, see
Andrews 1999, pp. 170-172, 236-237, and 304-308. The federal EPA is identi-
fied hereafter as the USEPA to distinguish it from the California EPA.
13. For a detailed history of how US policy has handled pesticides, see Bosso
1987.
14. On the Clean Water Act, see Andrews 1999, pp. 236-237 and p. 417 n. 17.
15. As Andrews (1999) points out, once point sources (discharge pipes) were
effectively regulated, agriculture became a leading source of water pollution,
contributing as much as one-third, even though it represents only about one-
fourth of US land use. Aspelin (2000, pp. 3-21) estimates total US land area to
be 1.9 billion acres, and crop land to be 460 million acres, ranking third behind
grassland pasture and range (589 million acres) and forest (559 million acres).
His primary data sources were the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and
the US Environmental Protection Agency.
16. For a discussion of how this myth has guided policy, see Browne et al. 1992.
