Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Notes
Introduction
1. See FitzSimmons and Goodman 1998.
2. Throughout this topic, “pesticide” refers to insecticides, herbicides, fungi-
cides, and rodenticides. For national trends, see Aspelin 2000, p. 4.9. Much
of this increase is due to the reliance on herbicides in the midwestern farm belt.
3. In 1991, Congress funded the US Geological Survey to conduct a major
survey of US water quality, the National Water-Quality Assessment Program
(NAWQA, pronounced “naw-qua”). NAWQA's research focuses on more
than fifty major river basins. For a national overview, see US Geological Survey
1999.
4. See Carpenter et al. 1998 and Howarth et al. 2000.
5. See Harrison 2004.
6. See Colborn et al. 1996 and Hayes 2005.
7. Carson 1962, p. 263.
8. National Research Council 1993, but see discussion below.
9. For an analysis of social learning for environmental protection, see Woodhill
and Röling 1998.
10. Röling and Wagemakers (1998) and Hassanein (1999) investigate social
learning processes and networks in sustainable agriculture, but they do not
explicitly use agroecology as a framework for investigating extension processes.
11. My understanding of the centrality of knowledge questions in sustainable
agriculture draws on Jack Kloppenburg's (1988) groundbreaking work
First the
Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology
and on his 1991 article on
the de-/re-construction of agricultural science for alternative agriculture. Neva
Hassanein (1999), his doctoral student, substantially shaped my understanding
of the critical role of knowledge and power relations in social networks for
sustainable agriculture.
12. Warner 2004.
