Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
25
MYS
CHN
HKG
JPN
KOR
NPL
PAK
PNG
PHL
SGP
SAS
LKA
THA
AUS
BRA
IND
GBR
USA
20
CAN
FRA
NZL
WLD
EMU
EA & P
USA
AUS
CAN
15
SGP
10
GBR
JPN
MYS
KOR
NZL
EMU
HKG
FRA
5
CHN
WLD
THA
EA & P
BRA
IND
PNG
PHL
PHL
PHL
SAS
LKA
0
NPL
1E+09
1E+10
1E+11
1E+12
1E+13
1E+14
National GDP ($US) - Time Series (1965-2005)
Figure 1.13 Global CO2 emissions over time (tons)
Note : * Total (all sector) CO2 emissions (tons per capita) are plotted against National GDP ($US, logged). ** Each country
time series plots data for 1965/1970/1975/1980/1985/1990/ 1995/2000/2005
Source : Data from World Bank, 2010b.
the population and the ability to travel around in powered vehicles, either for passengers or
goods or in combination. Williams (1991, pp. 7-9) describes the all-pervading influence of
the car:
In 1885 Karl Benz constructed the first automobile. It had three wheels, like an invalid
car, and ran on alcohol, like many drivers. Since then more than seventeen million people
[by 1991] have been killed in an undeclared war. And the rest of the world may be in
danger of being run over in a terminal squabble over the oil. Were an alien visitor to
hover a few hundred yards above the planet, it could be forgiven for thinking that cars
were the dominant life-form, and that human beings were a kind of ambulatory fuel cell,
injected when the car wished to move off, and ejected when they were spent.
Many vehicles are multi-purpose and this flexibility is part of the attraction; the growth in
ownership and usage has been incredible ( Table 1.3 ) . Some of the car models produced have
proved extremely popular: including the Toyota Corolla as the current best-selling vehicle of
all time (32 million vehicles and counting, 1966-), and the VW Golf (25 million, 1974-),
VW Beetle (22 million, 1938-), Ford Model T (16.5 million, 1908-1927) and Chrysler Voyager
(11.7 million, 1984-) (Motortrend Forum, 2010). 9 Many models have an incredible longevity
although of course change with different designs over time.
In 1995, there were about 500 million cars, 77 per cent of which were in OECD countries,
and some 750 million vehicles, 69 per cent of which were in the OECD countries;
 
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