Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
How many Gigatons of Carbon Dioxide...
?
have we released
to date?
mo re can
we "safely"
release"'?
are left to release?
2,050
All known
fossil fuel reserves
·before 2050 and still have a chaoce
of$taying~low2oCwarming
31
Current human
emissions per year
gigatons
13
YEARS
average yearly emissions increase; 3%
Time before we break
our 'Carbon Budget'
GLOBAL WARMING
IF RElEASED
over 20th century's
average temperature
SCENARIO
Happe ned
Inevita ble
Safe limit'"
Tipping Point
Nightmare
relative to
1990 sea level
SEA LEVEl
RISE BY 2100
Figure 1.11
'How many gigatons of CO2?'
Source
:
The Guardian
Datablog, 2012, redrawn by Bally Meeda and Urban Graphics.
need to look at this in the light of climate change and the most likely 'potential' futures
available at the city level. Note there is some overlap between 'archetypes' (such as strong
centre and traffic limitation), and indeed most major cities are hybrids of different types.
Increased motorisation
One of the main driving forces in the transport sector has been the growth in motorisation -
largely that of the private motor car - and mainly powered by a common technology in the
four stroke cycle, internal combustion engine (ICE) and using petrol or diesel as the fuel. The
international story, however, is wider than cars, as there are large numbers of two (and three)
wheeled motorised vehicles in developing countries, and these are augmented by vans, trucks
and many other types of vehicle. Motorisation refers to the level of vehicle ownership within
Figure 1.12
(facing page)
Global CO2 emissions (million metric tons)
Source
: Energy Information Administration, 2010. Based on
The Guardian
Datablog, redrawn by Bally Meeda and Urban
Graphics.
