Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Cambridgeshire and Harrogate) are associated with relatively high per capita emissions, in
cross-sectoral and transport terms, whereas the lower incomes areas and larger urban areas
(London, Liverpool and Manchester), historic university cities (Cambridge, Oxford and York)
and very remote urban areas (Plymouth and Norwich) have lower per capita emissions. Some
of the low-income northern towns also have surprisingly high per capita emissions because
of their high levels of car use (Warrington and Doncaster).
There is a very wide range of potential interventions available for use in the Oxfordshire
transport planning context that may affect transport CO2 emissions, including various schemes
and wider initiatives. The process used to narrow down the conventional 'long list' was to
systematically 'sift' the potential options against agreed criteria (national and local objectives,
deliverability and feasibility). This enables a focus on the options with most potential to score
well against sustainability criteria, and was carried out with transport planners at Oxfordshire
County Council. Policy packages (PPs) were derived, including a number of complementary
measures. Each package typically has a level of 'applicability' - business as usual (BAU),
low, medium and high. This may be viewed in terms of investment, policy support or initiative;
there are also important issues of feasibility and deliverability. The following PPs are used
within the Oxfordshire INTRA-SIM modelling:
•
PP1 Rail
•
PP2 Bus
•
PP3 Walk
•
PP4 Cycle
•
PP5 Highway infrastructure
•
PP6 Traffic demand management
•
PP7 Pricing
•
PP8 Parking management
•
PP9 Park and ride
•
PP10 Land-use planning
•
PP11 Behavioural change
•
PP12 Low-emissions vehicles
•
PP13 Alternative fuels
•
PP14 Slower speeds and ecological driving
•
PP15 Freight
•
PP16 Long-distance travel substitution.
Hence the coverage is again wide, covering the range of interventions likely to reduce transport
CO2 emissions and also perform well against wider sustainability criteria.
Scenarios are developed with a 'trilemma' approach, which is based around three dimensions
using major trends and uncertainties affecting transport in Oxfordshire (
Table 4.4
). A workshop
with local transport planning officers was used to help select the perceived three most important
issues, in terms of uncertainty and likely impact. These are used to derive the 'possibility
space' for future scenario development (
Figure 4.15
) and three contrasting scenarios have
been designed within this space.