Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 12.1
Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Untreated Wastewater
Concentration
Contaminants
Unit
Weak
Medium
Strong
Total solids
(TS) mg L
−1
350
720
1,200
Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg L
−1
250
500
850
Fixed
mg L
−1
145
300
525
Volatile
mg L
−1
105
200
325
Suspended solids
mg L
−1
100
220
350
Fixed
mg L
−1
20
55
75
Volatile
mg L
−1
80
165
275
Settleable solids
mg L
−1
5
10
20
BOD5, 20°C
mg L
−1
110
220
400
TOC
mg L
−1
80
160
290
COD
mg L
−1
250
500
1,000
Nitrogen (total as N)
mg L
−1
20
40
85
Organic
mg L
−1
8
15
35
Free ammonia
mg L
−1
12
25
50
Nitrites
mg L
−1
0
0
0
Nitrates
mg L
−1
0
0
0
Phosphorus (total as P)
mg L
−1
4
8
15
Organic
mg L
−1
1
3
5
Inorganic
mg L
−1
3
5
10
Chlorides
mg L
−1
30
50
100
Sulfate
mg L
−1
20
30
50
Alkalinity (as CaCO
3
)
mg L
−1
50
100
200
Grease
mg L
−1
50
100
150
Total coliforms
No./100 mL
106-107
107-108
107-109
Volatile organic compounds
g L
−1
<100
100-400
>400
Source:
From Rawat
et al
.
(2011).
examples of municipal and industrial wastewater types. Municipal and industrial
wastewater treatment by socio-economic biological treatment is a highly efficient
technology (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991), and reclaimed wastewater can be used for
various purposes. Table 12.1 shows the evaluation of weak, medium, and strong
typical composition levels of domestic wastewater. A complete assessment of waste-
water quality can be broadly classified into three main characteristics by its physical,
chemical, and biological constituents and their sources (Figure 12.2).
12.2.1 p
hysiCal
C
haraCteristiCs
The perceptual structure of the physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater
can change substantially with changes in stream habitats and their individual
patterns. Wastewater physical characteristics include
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